Mathematical multi-locus approaches to localizing complex human trait genes

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 701-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine Hoh ◽  
Jurg Ott
Keyword(s):  
Human Trait ◽  
Complex Human Trait

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Association Studies Identify 15 Genetic Markers Associated with Marmite Taste Preference

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Roos ◽  
Nikolay A. Kulemin ◽  
Ildus I. Ahmetov ◽  
Avi Lasarow ◽  
Keith Grimaldi
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Bitter Taste ◽  
Taste Preference ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Candidate Gene Approach ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Human Trait ◽  
Genome Wide Significance ◽  
Complex Human Trait

AbstractMarmite is a popular food eaten around the world, to which individuals have commonly considered themselves either “lovers” or “haters”. We aimed to determine whether this food preference has a genetic basis.Weperformed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for Marmite taste preference using genotype and questionnaire data froma cohort of 261 healthy adults. We found 1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with Marmite taste preferencethat reached genome-wide significance (p<5x10-8) in our GWAS analyses. We found another 4 SNPsassociated with Marmite taste preference that reached genome-wide significance (p<5x10-8) in at leastoneGWAS and/or for at least one phenotype analysed. Moreover, we identified 10 additional SNPs potentially associated with Marmite taste preference through candidate gene analysis. Our results indicate that there is a genetic basis to Marmite taste preference and we have identified 15 genetic markers for this trait. Overall, we conclude that Marmite tastepreference is a complex human trait influenced by multiple genetic markers, as well as the environment.Summary of Main ResultsMarmite taste preference is a complex human trait with many factors influencing whether an individual loves or hates Marmite.The relative contribution of genetics versus environment (ie. heritability) for Marmite taste preference is unknown.The genetic contribution to Marmite taste preference involves multiple genetic markers each contributing a small amount (ie. the trait is polygenic). There is not one single Marmite gene with a large contribution like in thecase of the TAS2R38gene and bitter taste perception.We have found a total of 15 SNPs associated with Marmite taste preference: 5 SNPs by a genetic-association screen atgenome-wide significance, and 10 SNPs by a candidate gene approach at nominal significance.We did not find an association between the TAS2R38bitter taste receptor gene and Marmite taste preference.It is important to independently replicate the findings of this study in order to validate these genetic markers and get a more accurate idea of their true effect on Marmite taste preference.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Sadegh Hedayat’s The Blind Owl in the Light of the German Theory of Novella

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Estarami
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Short Story ◽  
German Literature ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Dramatic Structure ◽  
Human Trait ◽  
New Look

Using the novella as the European literary genre has divided the Iranian literary scholars due mostly to its unknown features. Lack of research in this area has caused many writers either to abandon this literary term or to opt for alternatives such as “novelette”,” long story”, “long short story” or “short story”. This article aims to introduce the theory and characteristics of the novella as a unique literary genre, based on German literature. Despite the Italian root of the novella, it reflects its Germanic roots as it was flourished in the 18th and 19th centuries Germany. In addition, the paper explores the concept of “long story” in Iranian literature as the synonym of the term novella. The Blind Owl clearly exhibits these characteristics of the genre, especially the dramatic structure and representing a new aspect of human trait. The analysis of The Blind Owl leads to a deeper understanding of one of the most important and well-formed European literary genres and a new look at Sadegh Hedayat’s ideology as a professional author in addition to familiarizing scholars with this genre.

Postbellum America

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
The North ◽  
Human Trait ◽  
The One ◽  
North And South ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

One of the earliest historians of the Civil War saw it as a fundamental clash between the peoples of different latitudes. Climate had made the antebellum North and South distinct societies and natural enemies, John W. Draper argued, the one democratic and individualist, the other aristocratic and oligarchical. If such were the case, the future of the reunited states was hardly a bright one. But Draper saw no natural barriers to national unity that wise policy could not surmount. The restlessness and transience of American life that many deplored instead merited, in his view, every assistance possible. In particular, he wrote, Americans needed to be encouraged to move as freely across climatic zones as they already did within them. The tendency of North and South to congeal into hostile types of civilization could be frustrated, but only by an incessant mingling of people. Sectional discord was inevitable only if the natural law that "emigrants move on parallels of latitude" were left free to take its course. These patterns of emigration were left free, for the most part, but without the renewed strife that Draper feared. After the war as before it, few settlers relocating to new homes moved far to the north or south of their points of origin. As late as 1895, Henry Gannett, chief geographer to the U.S. Census, could still describe internal migration as "mainly conducted westward along parallels of latitude." More often as time went on, it was supposed that race and not merely habit underlay the pattern, that climatic preferences were innate, different stocks of people staying in the latitudes of their forbears by the compulsion of biology. Thus, it was supposed, Anglo-Saxons preferred cooler lands than Americans of Mediterranean ancestry, while those of African descent preferred warmer climates than either. Over time, though, latitude loosened its grip and exceptions to the rule multiplied. As the share of the population in farming declined, so did the strongest reason for migrants to stay within familiar climates. Even by the time Gannett wrote, the tendency that he described, though still apparent, was weaker than it had been at mid-century. It weakened because a preference for familiar climates was not a fixed human trait but one shaped by experience and wants, and capable of changing as these variables changed.

Divine and Human Laughter in Later Platonism

2019 ◽  
pp. 80-100
Author(s):  
Malcolm Heath
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Divine Providence ◽  
Human Trait ◽  
Human Laughter

Plato’s dialogues contain much laughter, sometimes expressing personal or shared pleasure, but often aggressive or malicious (a phenomenon examined in Philebus). Later Platonists, whose texts did not dramatize social interactions, have less to say about laughter and treat it with reserve. Porphyry’s Plotinus never laughs, though he smiles tolerantly at Porphyry’s misunderstanding of his metaphysics (a scene modeled on a passage in Plato’s Parmenides). So the famous remark that Longinus was philologos but not philosophos was probably not aggressive, but a witty riposte to Longinus’ wordplay in the titles of a pair of texts criticizing Plotinus’ philosophy. Later Platonists increasingly favor a serious demeanor, treating laughter with reserve. For Iamblichus, laughter is a merely human trait that obstructs assimilation to the divine. Yet Syrianus and his pupils find in the laughter of Homer’s gods a celebration of divine providence, inspired by Plotinus’ playfully serious reflections on the seriousness of play.

scholarly journals Reciprocity: Different behavioural strategies, cognitive mechanisms and psychological processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon K. Schweinfurth ◽  
Josep Call
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Norway Rat ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Human Trait ◽  
Vampire Bat ◽  
Behavioural Strategies

Abstract Reciprocity is probably one of the most debated theories in evolutionary research. After more than 40 years of research, some scientists conclude that reciprocity is an almost uniquely human trait mainly because it is cognitively demanding. Others, however, conclude that reciprocity is widespread and of great importance to many species. Yet, it is unclear how these species reciprocate, given its apparent cognitive complexity. Therefore, our aim was to unravel the psychological processes underlying reciprocity. By bringing together findings from studies investigating different aspects of reciprocity, we show that reciprocity is a rich concept with different behavioural strategies and cognitive mechanisms that require very different psychological processes. We reviewed evidence from three textbook examples, i.e. the Norway rat, common vampire bat and brown capuchin monkey, and show that the species use different strategies and mechanisms to reciprocate. We continue by examining the psychological processes of reciprocity. We show that the cognitive load varies between different forms of reciprocity. Several factors can lower the memory demands of reciprocity such as distinctiveness of encounters, memory of details and network size. Furthermore, there are different information operation systems in place, which also vary in their cognitive load due to assessing the number of encounters and the quality and quantity of help. We conclude that many species possess the psychological processes to show some form of reciprocity. Hence, reciprocity might be a widespread phenomenon that varies in terms of strategies and mechanisms.

Analogical apes and paleological monkeys revisited

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-150
Author(s):  
Roger K. R. Thompson ◽  
Timothy M. Flemming
Keyword(s):  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Relational Information ◽  
Relational Matching ◽  
Human Trait ◽  
Nonhuman Species

AbstractWe argue that formal analogical reasoning is not a uniquely human trait but is found in chimpanzees, if not in monkeys. We also contest the claim that the relational matching-to-sample task is not exemplary of analogical behavior, and we provide evidence that symbolic-like treatment of relational information can be found in nonhuman species, a point in contention with the relational reinterpretation hypothesis.

scholarly journals NETWORK DEPENDENCE OF STRONG RECIPROCITY

2004 ◽  
Vol 07 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 357-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. VILELA MENDES
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Intergroup Dynamics ◽  
Network Parameter ◽  
Homo Economicus ◽  
Strong Reciprocity ◽  
Equilibrium Behavior ◽  
Altruistic Punishment ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Evolution Dynamics ◽  
Human Trait

Experimental evidence suggests that human decisions involve a mixture of self-interest and internalized social norms which cannot be accounted for by the Nash equilibrium behavior of Homo Economicus. This led to the notion of strong reciprocity (or altruistic punishment) to capture the human trait leading an individual to punish norm violators at a cost to himself. For a population with small autonomous groups with collective monitoring, the interplay of intra- and intergroup dynamics shows this to be an adaptive trait, although not fully invasive of a selfish population. However, the absence of collective monitoring in a larger society changes the evolution dynamics. Clustering seems to be the network parameter that controls maintenance and evolution of the reciprocator trait.

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