scholarly journals DAT1 and COMT Effects on Delay Discounting and Trait Impulsivity in Male Adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Healthy Controls

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 2414-2426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannis Paloyelis ◽  
Philip Asherson ◽  
Mitul A Mehta ◽  
Stephen V Faraone ◽  
Jonna Kuntsi
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Trait Impulsivity

scholarly journals Disorder-specific grey matter deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder relative to autism spectrum disorder

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 965-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lim ◽  
K. Chantiluke ◽  
A. I. Cubillo ◽  
A. B. Smith ◽  
A. Simmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Childhood Disorders ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Background.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are two common childhood disorders that exhibit genetic and behavioural overlap and have abnormalities in similar brain systems, in particular in frontal and cerebellar regions. This study compared the two neurodevelopmental disorders to investigate shared and disorder-specific structural brain abnormalities.Method.Forty-four predominantly medication-naïve male adolescents with ADHD, 19 medication-naïve male adolescents with ASD and 33 age-matched healthy male controls were scanned using high-resolution T1-weighted volumetric imaging in a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to test for group-level differences in structural grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes.Results.There was a significant group difference in the GM of the right posterior cerebellum and left middle/superior temporal gyrus (MTG/STG). Post-hoc analyses revealed that this was due to ADHD boys having a significantly smaller right posterior cerebellar GM volume compared to healthy controls and ASD boys, who did not differ from each other. ASD boys had a larger left MTG/STG GM volume relative to healthy controls and at a more lenient threshold relative to ADHD boys.Conclusions.The study shows for the first time that the GM reduction in the cerebellum in ADHD is disorder specific relative to ASD whereas GM enlargement in the MTG/STG in ASD may be disorder specific relative to ADHD. This study is a first step towards elucidating disorder-specific structural biomarkers for these two related childhood disorders.

scholarly journals Impulsivity in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Stevens ◽  
Herbert Roeyers ◽  
Geert Dom ◽  
Leen Joos ◽  
Wouter Vanderplasschen
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Adhd Diagnosis ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Trait Impulsivity ◽  
Information Sampling ◽  
The Impact

Background: Cocaine-dependent individuals (CDI) display increased impulsivity. However, despite its multifactorial nature most studies in CDI have treated impulsivity monolithically. Moreover, the impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has often not been taken into account. This study investigates whether CDI with ADHD (CDI+ADHD) differ from CDI without an ADHD diagnosis and healthy controls (HC) on several impulsivity measures. Methods: Thirty-four CDI, 25 CDI+ADHD and 28 HC participated in this study. Trait impulsivity was assessed with the motor, attentional and non-planning subscales of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Neurocognitive dimensions of impulsivity were examined with the stop signal task (SST), delay discounting task (DDT) and information sampling task (IST). Results: Relative to HC, both CDI and CDI+ADHD scored higher on all BIS-11 subscales, required more time to inhibit their responses (SST) and sampled less information before making a decision (IST). Greater discounting of delayed rewards (DDT) was only found among CDI+ADHD. Compared to CDI without ADHD, CDI+ADHD scored higher on the BIS-11 non-planning and total scale and showed higher discounting rates. Conclusion: CDI score higher on several indices of impulsivity relative to HC, regardless of whether they have concomitant ADHD or not. CDI+ADHD are specifically characterized by a lack of future orientation compared to CDI without ADHD.

Neural correlates of visuospatial working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls

2015 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanneke van Ewijk ◽  
Wouter D. Weeda ◽  
Dirk J. Heslenfeld ◽  
Marjolein Luman ◽  
Catharina A. Hartman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

scholarly journals Brain structural and functional substrates of ADGRL3 (latrophilin 3) haplotype in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Moreno-Alcázar ◽  
Josep A. Ramos-Quiroga ◽  
Marta Ribases ◽  
Cristina Sánchez-Mora ◽  
Gloria Palomar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Risk Haplotype ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that the gene encoding the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L3 (ADGRL3; formerly latrophilin 3, LPHN3) is associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Conversely, no studies have investigated the anatomical or functional brain substrates of ADGRL3 risk variants. We examined here whether individuals with different ADGRL3 haplotypes, including both patients with ADHD and healthy controls, showed differences in brain anatomy and function. We recruited and genotyped adult patients with combined type ADHD and healthy controls to achieve a sample balanced for age, sex, premorbid IQ, and three ADGRL3 haplotype groups (risk, protective, and others). The final sample (n = 128) underwent structural and functional brain imaging (voxel-based morphometry and n-back working memory fMRI). We analyzed the brain structural and functional effects of ADHD, haplotypes, and their interaction, covarying for age, sex, and medication. Individuals (patients or controls) with the protective haplotype showed strong, widespread hypo-activation in the frontal cortex extending to inferior temporal and fusiform gyri. Individuals (patients or controls) with the risk haplotype also showed hypo-activation, more focused in the right temporal cortex. Patients showed parietal hyper-activation. Disorder-haplotype interactions, as well as structural findings, were not statistically significant. To sum up, both protective and risk ADGRL3 haplotypes are associated with substantial brain hypo-activation during working memory tasks, stressing this gene’s relevance in cognitive brain function. Conversely, we did not find brain effects of the interactions between adult ADHD and ADGRL3 haplotypes.

Parent-reported attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and subtypes of conduct disorder as risk factor of recidivism in detained male adolescents

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Colins ◽  
R. Vermeiren ◽  
P. Vahl ◽  
M. Markus ◽  
E. Broekaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Criminal Recidivism ◽  
Childhood Onset ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Detention Centers

AbstractObjectiveParents are considered to be crucial informants in child psychiatry, particularly for disorders in which age of onset is included in the diagnostic criteria. In detained adolescents, however, parents all too often are difficult to reach or reluctant to cooperate. The clinical relevance of gathering parental information in this context should therefore be demonstrated. This study examines if parent reports of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and age of onset subtypes of conduct disorder (CD) predict official criminal recidivism.MethodParticipants were 110 detained male adolescents from all three Youth Detention Centers in Flanders. Between January 2005 and February 2007, both youth and a parent were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV. Two to 4years later, information on criminal recidivism was retrieved.ResultsYouth self-reported ADHD and CD (subtypes) were not related with recidivism. Parent-reported ADHD, CD and childhood-onset CD predicted serious property recidivism, while parent-reported adolescent-onset CD predicted future violent arrests. In reverse, childhood-onset CD as reported by parents was negatively associated with violent recidivism.ConclusionObtaining parental diagnostic information in delinquent adolescents is crucial for predicting recidivism. This finding emphasizes the need of including parents when studying mental disorder in detained adolescents.

scholarly journals Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Integrating the MOXO-dCPT with an Eye Tracker Enhances Diagnostic Precision

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6386
Author(s):  
Tomer Elbaum ◽  
Yoram Braw ◽  
Astar Lev ◽  
Yuri Rassovsky
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Visual Distractors

Clinical decision-making may be enhanced when combining psychophysiological sensors with computerized neuropsychological tests. The current study explored the utility of integrating an eye tracker with a commercially available continuous performance test (CPT), the MOXO-dCPT. As part of the study, the performance of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and healthy controls (n = 43, n = 42, respectively) was compared in the integrated system. More specifically, the MOXO-dCPT has four stages, which differ in their combinations of ecological visual and auditory dynamic distractors. By exploring the participants’ performance in each of the stages, we were able to show that: (a) ADHD patients spend significantly more time gazing at irrelevant areas of interest (AOIs) compared to healthy controls; (b) visual distractors are particularly effective in impacting ADHD patients’ eye movements, suggesting their enhanced utility in diagnostic procedures; (c) combining gaze direction data and conventional CPT indices enhances group prediction, compared to the sole use of conventional indices. Overall, the findings indicate the utility of eye tracker-integrated CPTs and their enhanced diagnostic precision. They also suggest that the use of attention-grabbing visual distractors may be a promising path for the evolution of existing CPTs by shortening their duration and enhancing diagnostic precision.

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