ASC-J9 ameliorates spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy phenotype via degradation of androgen receptor

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiming Yang ◽  
Yu-Jia Chang ◽  
I-Chen Yu ◽  
Shuyuan Yeh ◽  
Cheng-Chia Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Muscular Atrophy

Transcriptional activation by the androgen receptor in X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy

1996 ◽  
Vol 142 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 12-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideto Nakajima ◽  
Fumiharu Kimura ◽  
Toshimasa Nakagawa ◽  
Daisuke Furutama ◽  
Keiichi Shinoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Muscular Atrophy

scholarly journals Muscle Expression of Mutant Androgen Receptor Accounts for Systemic and Motor Neuron Disease Phenotypes in Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy

Neuron ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanza J. Cortes ◽  
Shuo-Chien Ling ◽  
Ling T. Guo ◽  
Gene Hung ◽  
Taiji Tsunemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Motor Neuron Disease ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Disease Phenotypes

scholarly journals Native Functions of the Androgen Receptor Are Essential to Pathogenesis in a Drosophila Model of Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy

Neuron ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 936-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia B. Nedelsky ◽  
Maria Pennuto ◽  
Rebecca B. Smith ◽  
Isabella Palazzolo ◽  
Jennifer Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Drosophila Model

Strong correlation between the number of CAG repeats in androgen receptor genes and the clinical onset of features of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy

Neurology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 2300-2300 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Igarashi ◽  
Y. Tanno ◽  
O. Onodera ◽  
M. Yamazaki ◽  
S. Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Cag Repeats ◽  
Clinical Onset

scholarly journals Consequences of poly-glutamine repeat length for the conformation and folding of the androgen receptor amino-terminal domain

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 301-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippa Davies ◽  
Kate Watt ◽  
Sharon M Kelly ◽  
Caroline Clark ◽  
Nicholas C Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Limited Proteolysis ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Terminal Domain ◽  
Helix Structure ◽  
Α Helix ◽  
Amino Terminal Domain

Poly-amino acid repeats, especially long stretches of glutamine (Q), are common features of transcription factors and cell-signalling proteins and are prone to expansion, resulting in neurodegenerative diseases. The amino-terminal domain of the androgen receptor (AR-NTD) has a poly-Q repeat between 9 and 36 residues, which when it expands above 40 residues results in spinal bulbar muscular atrophy. We have used spectroscopy and biochemical analysis to investigate the structural consequences of an expanded repeat (Q45) or removal of the repeat (ΔQ) on the folding of the AR-NTD. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that in aqueous solution, the AR-NTD has a relatively limited amount of stable secondary structure. Expansion of the poly-Q repeat resulted in a modest increase in α-helix structure, while deletion of the repeat resulted in a small loss of α-helix structure. These effects were more pronounced in the presence of the structure-promoting solvent trifluoroethanol or the natural osmolyte trimethylamine N-oxide. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the microenvironments of four tryptophan residues were also altered after the deletion of the Q stretch. Other structural changes were observed for the AR-NTDQ45 polypeptide after limited proteolysis; in addition, this polypeptide not only showed enhanced binding of the hydrophobic probe 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonic acid but was more sensitive to urea-induced unfolding. Taken together, these findings support the view that the presence and length of the poly-Q repeat modulate the folding and structure of the AR-NTD.

Structural and functional alterations in the androgen receptor in spinal bulbar muscular atrophy

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. McEwan
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Spinocerebellar Ataxia ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type ◽  
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Spinal Bulbar Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Clinical Conditions

The androgen receptor is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and regulates gene expression in response to the steroid hormones testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Mutations in the receptor have been correlated with a diverse range of clinical conditions, including androgen insensitivity, prostate cancer and spinal bulbar muscular atrophy, a neuromuscular degenerative condition. The latter is caused by expansion of a polyglutamine repeat within the N-terminal domain of the receptor. Thus the androgen receptor is one of a growing number of neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins, including huntingtin (Huntington's disease), ataxin-1 (spinocerebellar ataxia, type 1) and ataxin-3 (spinocerebellar ataxia, type 3), which show expansion of CAG triplet repeats. Although widely studied, the functions of huntingtin, ataxin-1 and ataxin-3 remain unknown. The androgen receptor, which has a well-recognized function in gene regulation, provides a unique opportunity to investigate the functional significance of poly(amino acid) repeats in normal and disease states.

scholarly journals Assessment of Androgen Receptor Function in Genital Skin Fibroblasts Using a Recombinant Adenovirus to Deliver an Androgen-Responsive Reporter Gene1

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 1944-1948
Author(s):  
Michael J. McPhaul ◽  
Hans-Udo Schweikert ◽  
Diane R. Allman
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Recombinant Adenovirus ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Testicular Feminization ◽  
Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Vitro Binding ◽  
The Family ◽  
Androgen Resistance

Abstract Mutations of the androgen receptor (AR) cause defects in virilization and can result in a spectrum of phenotypic abnormalities of male sexual development that includes patients with a completely female phenotype (complete testicular feminization) and individuals with less severe defects of virilization, such as Reifenstein syndrome. These phenotypes are not specific for mutations of the AR gene, however, and defects in other genes can also result in similar abnormalities of male development. For this reason, the diagnosis of an AR defect is laborious and requires data from endocrine studies, the family history, and in vitro binding experiments. To assist in the evaluation of patients with possible AR defects, we previously employed the use of a recombinant adenovirus to deliver an androgen-responsive gene into fibroblast cultures to assay AR function in normal subjects and patients with complete forms of androgen resistance. Although these studies demonstrated measurable differences between these two groups of subjects, we did not assay samples from patients with partial defects of androgen action. In the current study, we have modified this method to examine AR function in three groups of patients with known or suspected defects of AR function: patients with Reifenstein syndrome, patients with spinobulbar muscular atrophy, and patients with severe forms of isolated hypospadias. When assayed using this method, the AR function of patients with Reifenstein syndrome was intermediate between that of normal control subjects and that of patients with complete testicular feminization. Using the parameters established by the aforementioned experiments, we found that defective AR function can be detected in fibroblasts established from patients with spinobulbar muscular atrophy and in some patients with severe forms of isolated hypospadias, including two with a normal AR gene sequence. These results suggest that this method may have some utility in screening samples to detect defects of AR function, particularly when viewed in the context of other AR assays results.

Structural dynamics of the human androgen receptor: implications for prostate cancer and neurodegenerative disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1098-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Duff ◽  
P. Davies ◽  
K. Watt ◽  
I.J. McEwan
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Structural Dynamics ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Kennedy’S Disease ◽  
Kennedy's Disease ◽  
Exon 1 ◽  
Spinal Bulbar Muscular Atrophy

The AR (androgen receptor) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the action of the steroids testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Alterations in the AR gene result in a number of clinical disorders, including: androgen-insensitivity, which leads to disruption of male development; prostate cancer; and a neuromuscular degenerative condition termed spinal bulbar muscular atrophy or Kennedy's disease. The AR gene is X-linked and the protein is coded for by eight exons, giving rise to a C-terminal LBD (ligand-binding domain; exons 4–8), linked by a hinge region (exon 4) to a Zn-finger DBD (DNA-binding domain; exons 2 and 3) and a large structurally distinct NTD (N-terminal domain; exon 1). Identification and characterization of mutations found in prostate cancer and Kennedy's disease patients have revealed the importance of structural dynamics in the mechanisms of action of receptors. Recent results from our laboratory studying genetic changes in the LBD and the structurally flexible NTD will be discussed.

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