The role of the immune system in governing host-microbe interactions in the intestine

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 660-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M Brown ◽  
Manish Sadarangani ◽  
B Brett Finlay
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

scholarly journals Glycans in Virus-Host Interactions: A Structural Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel L. Miller ◽  
Thomas Clark ◽  
Rahul Raman ◽  
Ram Sasisekharan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Viral Glycoproteins ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Structural Perspective

Many interactions between microbes and their hosts are driven or influenced by glycans, whose heterogeneous and difficult to characterize structures have led to an underappreciation of their role in these interactions compared to protein-based interactions. Glycans decorate microbe glycoproteins to enhance attachment and fusion to host cells, provide stability, and evade the host immune system. Yet, the host immune system may also target these glycans as glycoepitopes. In this review, we provide a structural perspective on the role of glycans in host-microbe interactions, focusing primarily on viral glycoproteins and their interactions with host adaptive immunity. In particular, we discuss a class of topological glycoepitopes and their interactions with topological mAbs, using the anti-HIV mAb 2G12 as the archetypical example. We further offer our view that structure-based glycan targeting strategies are ready for application to viruses beyond HIV, and present our perspective on future development in this area.

scholarly journals Host–microbe interactions in the gut: lessons learned from models of inflammatory bowel diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Eytan Wine
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

The mammalian gut is the richest immune organ in the body and serves as a central location for immune system development, processing, and education. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) provide excellent models for studying both innate and adaptive responses to gut microbes and the host-immune system – microbe interactions in the gut. Microbes are linked to almost all of the known disease-associated genetic polymorphisms in IBD and are critical mediators of environmental effects (through food, hygiene, and infection). Human and animal-based research supports the central role of microbes in IBD pathogenesis at multiple levels. Animal models of IBD only develop in the presence of microbes, and co-housing mice that are genetically susceptible to gut inflammation with normal mice can lead to the development of bowel injury. Recent advances in research technologies, such as deep-sequencing that enables detailed compositional analyses, have revolutionized the study of host–microbe interactions in the gut; however, knowing which bacteria are present in the bowel is likely not sufficient. The function of the microbiota as a community is recognized as a critical factor for gut homeostasis. Animal models of IBD have provided critical insight into basic biology and disease pathogenesis, especially regarding the role of microbes in IBD pathogenesis. Although many of these recent discoveries on host–microbe interactions are not yet applied to patient care, these basic observations will certainly revolutionize patient care in the future. Using such data, we may be able to predict risk of disease, define biological subtypes, establish tools for prevention, and even cure IBD using microbes or their products. A broad spectrum of therapeutic tools spanning from fecal transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, and microbial products to microbe-tailored diets may supplement current IBD treatments.

scholarly journals Erratum: The role of the immune system in governing host-microbe interactions in the intestine

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M Brown ◽  
Manish Sadarangani ◽  
B Brett Finlay
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

The role of lipids in host microbe interactions

10.2741/4559 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1581-1598
Author(s):  
Jochen Mattner
Keyword(s):  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

Studies on the Role of Carbohydrates in Host-Microbe Interactions

1986 ◽  
pp. 297-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Albersheim ◽  
Alan G. Darvill ◽  
Janice K. Sharp ◽  
Keith R. Davis ◽  
Steven H. Doares
Keyword(s):  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

scholarly journals Optimal integration between host physiology and functions of the gut microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20190594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha S. Fontaine ◽  
Kevin D. Kohl
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Physiology ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Evolution ◽  
Physiological Systems

Host-associated microbial communities have profound impacts on animal physiological function, especially nutrition and metabolism. The hypothesis of ‘symmorphosis’, which posits that the physiological systems of animals are regulated precisely to meet, but not exceed, their imposed functional demands, has been used to understand the integration of physiological systems across levels of biological organization. Although this idea has been criticized, it is recognized as having important heuristic value, even as a null hypothesis, and may, therefore, be a useful tool in understanding how hosts evolve in response to the function of their microbiota. Here, through a hologenomic lens, we discuss how the idea of symmorphosis may be applied to host-microbe interactions. Specifically, we consider scenarios in which host physiology may have evolved to collaborate with the microbiota to perform important functions, and, on the other hand, situations in which services have been completely outsourced to the microbiota, resulting in relaxed selection on host pathways. Following this theoretical discussion, we finally suggest strategies by which these currently speculative ideas may be explicitly tested to further our understanding of host evolution in response to their associated microbial communities. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.

scholarly journals Mucosal microbial parasites/symbionts in health and disease: an integrative overview

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (9) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Hirt
Keyword(s):  
Host Interactions ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Species Being

AbstractMicrobial parasites adapted to thrive at mammalian mucosal surfaces have evolved multiple times from phylogenetically distant lineages into various extracellular and intracellular life styles. Their symbiotic relationships can range from commensalism to parasitism and more recently some host–parasites interactions are thought to have evolved into mutualistic associations too. It is increasingly appreciated that this diversity of symbiotic outcomes is the product of a complex network of parasites–microbiota–host interactions. Refinement and broader use of DNA based detection techniques are providing increasing evidence of how common some mucosal microbial parasites are and their host range, with some species being able to swap hosts, including from farm and pet animals to humans. A selection of examples will illustrate the zoonotic potential for a number of microbial parasites and how some species can be either disruptive or beneficial nodes in the complex networks of host–microbe interactions disrupting or maintaining mucosal homoeostasis. It will be argued that mucosal microbial parasitic diversity will represent an important resource to help us dissect through comparative studies the role of host–microbe interactions in both human health and disease.

scholarly journals Role of Small RNAs in Host-Microbe Interactions

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surekha Katiyar-Agarwal ◽  
Hailing Jin
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

Expression of heat shock proteins 27 and 72 correlates with specific commensal microbes in different regions of porcine gastrointestinal tract

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (12) ◽  
pp. G1033-G1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao-Yu Liu ◽  
Johan Dicksved ◽  
Torbjörn Lundh ◽  
Jan Erik Lindberg
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
Shock Proteins

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of mammals is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms, resulting in exceedingly complex networking. The interaction between distinct bacterial species and the host immune system is essential in maintaining homeostasis in the gut ecosystem. For instance, the gut commensal microbiota dictates intestinal mucosa maturation and its abundant immune components, such as cytoprotective heat shock proteins (HSP). Here we examined physiological expression of HSP in the normal porcine GI tract and found it to be gut region- and cell type-specific in response to dietary components, microbes, and microbial metabolites to which the mucosa surface is exposed. Correlations between HSP72 expression and ileal Lactobacillus spp. and colonic clostridia species, and between HSP27 expression and uronic acid ingestion, were important interplays identified here. Thus this study provides novel insights into host-microbe interactions shaping the immune system that are modifiable by dietary regime.

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