scholarly journals Metabolic learning and memory formation by the brain influence systemic metabolic homeostasis

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumin Zhang ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Jingqi Yan ◽  
Yalin Zhang ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Metabolic Homeostasis ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals An Emerging Role of m6A in Memory: A Case for Translational Priming

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7447
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Leonetti ◽  
Ming Yin Chu ◽  
Fiona O. Ramnaraign ◽  
Samuel Holm ◽  
Brandon J. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Neuron Development ◽  
Neuronal Functions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Tune

Investigation into the role of methylation of the adenosine base (m6A) of RNA has only recently begun, but it quickly became apparent that m6A is able to control and fine-tune many aspects of mRNA, from splicing to translation. The ability of m6A to regulate translation distally, away from traditional sites near the nucleus, quickly caught the eye of neuroscientists because of implications for selective protein translation at synapses. Work in the brain has demonstrated how m6A is functionally required for many neuronal functions, but two in particular are covered at length here: The role of m6A in 1) neuron development; and 2) memory formation. The purpose of this review is not to cover all data about m6A in the brain. Instead, this review will focus on connecting mechanisms of m6A function in neuron development, with m6A’s known function in memory formation. We will introduce the concept of “translational priming” and discuss how current data fit into this model, then speculate how m6A-mediated translational priming during memory consolidation can regulate learning and memory locally at the synapse.

Prenatal testosterone improves the spatial learning and memory by protein synthesis in different lobes of the brain in the male and female rat

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Gurzu ◽  
Vlad Artenie ◽  
Lucian Hritcu ◽  
Alin Ciobica
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Reference Memory ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Maze Task ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Testosterone Treatment ◽  
Organizational Effects ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe high density of the steroid hormone receptors in the structures of temporal lobe involved in learning and memory, such as the hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex and amigdaloid complex, shows that there must be a direct relationship between gonadal hormones and organizational effects of steroid hormones in those structures during development of the nervous system. The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the effect of testosterone administration during the third week of gestation on the spatial memory formation of the offspring rats and the level of soluble proteins in the temporal lobe and frontal lobe of brain, as evidence of important organizational effects of androgens during prenatal development in brain sexual dimorphism. Animals have received testosterone undecanoate on days 14, 15, 16 and 19, 20, 21 of gestation. Learning and memory tests were started 100 days after the testosterone treatment. At the end of the experiments, the temporal and frontal lobes of brain were removed for assessing the level of soluble proteins. Testosterone treatment significantly improved spontaneous alternations percentage of male offspring in Y-maze task comparative with female offspring and reference memory in radial 8 arm-maze task (decreasing in number of reference memory errors in both male and female offspring groups), suggesting effects of both short and long-term memory. Also, testosterone significantly increased the brain soluble protein level of treated female rats in 14–16 prenatal days compared with the control group as well as the brain soluble protein level of treated male rats. These results suggest that steroid hormones play an important role in the spatial learning and memory formation by means of protein synthesis in different lobes of the brain.

scholarly journals Role of DNA methylation and the DNA methyltransferases in learning and memory

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-371 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
Dna Methyltransferases ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Current Review ◽  
The Brain

Dynamic regulation of chromatin structure in postmitotic neurons plays an important role in learning and memory. Methylation of cytosine nucleotides has historically been considered the strongest and least modifiable of epigenetic marks. Accumulating recent data suggest that rapid and dynamic methylation and demethylation of specific genes in the brain may play a fundamental role in learning, memory formation, and behavioral plasticity. The current review focuses on the emergence of data that support the role of DNA methylation and demethylation, and its molecular mediators in memory formation.

Memory Formation, Storage, and Retrieval

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-51
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Study Skills ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Memory Aids ◽  
Storage And Retrieval ◽  
The Brain

The ability to form memories and to retrieve them is fundamental to learning. Neuroplasticity and neurogenesis play a role in this function, as does nutrition, oxygenation, and novelty. There are many types of memory, and the primary of these are sensory, short-term, and long-term. These are further subdivided into yet additional kinds of memory. Perhaps the beginning of memory centers around novelty, which arouses and stimulates the brain, through curiosity. Then, there are many memory pathways. Memories are associated with emotions, scent, hearing, vision, to name those with which we are most familiar. To apply this knowledge to education one must consider mastering study skills. This demands that we make a distinction between learning and memory, for each is dependent upon the other and leads to the use of memory aids. SMART applications must capitalize on the ability of technology to help us to see, to hear, and to obtain feedback.

Dendrobium officinalis Flower Improves Learning and Reduces Memory Impairment by Mediating Antioxidant Effect and Balancing the Release of Neurotransmitters in Senescent Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 402-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin-Zi Li ◽  
Shan-Shan Lei ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Fu-Chen Zhou ◽  
Ye-Hui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Mao B ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Brain

Aim and Objective: The Dendrobium officinalis flower (DOF) is popular in China due to common belief in its anti-aging properties and positive effects on “nourish yin”. However, there have been relatively few confirmatory pharmacological experiments conducted to date. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether DOF has beneficial effects on learning and memory in senescent rats, and, if so, to determine its potential mechanism of effect. Materials and Methods: SD rats were administrated orally DOF at a dose of 1.38, or 0.46 g/kg once a day for 8 weeks. Two other groups included a healthy untreated control group and a senescent control group. During the 7th week, a Morris water maze test was performed to assess learning and memory. At the end of the experiment, serum and brain samples were collected to measure concentrations of antioxidant enzymes, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GSH-Px) in serum, and the neurotransmitters, including γ-aminobutyric acid (γ-GABA), Glutamic (Glu), and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) in the brain. Histopathology of the hippocampus was assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Results: The results suggested that treatment with DOF improved learning as measured by escape latency, total distance, and target quadrant time, and also increased levels of γ-GABA in the brain. In addition, DOF decreased the levels of MDA, Glu, and MAO-B, and improved SOD and GSHPx. Histopathological analysis showed that DOF also significantly reduced structural lesions and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus relative to untreated senescent rats. Conclusion: DOF alleviated brain aging and improved the spatial learning abilities in senescent rats, potentially by attenuating oxidative stress and thus reducing hippocampal damage and balancing the release of neurotransmitters.

Role of MicroRNA Genes miR-1000 and miR-375 in Forming Olfactory Conditional Memory in Drosophila melanogaster

MicroRNA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadniman Rahman ◽  
Chaity Modak ◽  
Mousumi Akter ◽  
Mohammad Shamimul Alam
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Neural Integration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Locomotion Speed ◽  
Microrna Genes ◽  
With Memory

Background: Learning and memory is basic aspects in neurogenetics as most of the neurological disorders start with dementia or memory loss. Several genes associated with memory formation have been discovered. MicroRNA genes miR-1000 and miR-375 were reported to be associated with neural integration and glucose homeostasis in some insects and vertebrates. However, neuronal function of these genes is yet to be established in D. melanogaster. Objective: Possible role of miR-1000 and miR-375 in learning and memory formation in this fly has been explored in the present study. Methods: Both appetitive and aversive olfactory conditional learning were tested in the miR-1000 and miR-375 knockout (KO) strains and compared with wild one. Five days old third instar larvae were trained by allowing them to be associated with an odor with reward (fructose) or punishment (salt). Then, the larvae were tested to calculate their preferences to the odor trained with. Learning index (LI) values and larval locomotion speed were calculated for all strains. Results: No significant difference was observed for larval locomotion speed in mutant strains. Knockout strain of miR-1000 showed significant deficiency in both appetitive and aversive memory formation whereas miR-375 KO strain showed a significantly lower response only in appetitive one. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate important role played by these two genes in forming short-term memory in D. melanogaster.

scholarly journals Genistein reduced the neural apoptosis in the brain of ovariectomised rats by modulating mitochondrial oxidative stress

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 1297-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Hong Huang ◽  
Qing-Hong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ovx Rats ◽  
Neural Apoptosis ◽  
The Brain

The present study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidant effect of chronic ingestion of genistein (Gen) against neural death in the brain of ovariectomised (Ovx) rats. The rats were randomly divided into five groups, i.e. sham-operated (sham), Ovx-only, Ovx with 17β-oestradiol, Ovx with low (15 mg/kg) and high (30 mg/kg) doses of Gen (Gen-L and Gen-H), and were orally administered daily with drugs or vehicle for 6 weeks. The learning and memory abilities were measured by Morris water maze test. Oxidative damages in the brain were evaluated by the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities. Neural apoptosis was shown by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining and caspase-3 activity. In the visual learning and memory test, there were no significant differences among the population means of the five groups. While in the probe trial test, the Gen-L group instead of the Gen-H group exhibited reduced escape latency and increased memory frequency than the Ovx group. Although both doses of Gen could reduce acetylcholinesterase activity, only a low dose of Gen could diminish MDA activity significantly in frontal cortex and enhance SOD content in the hippocampus. In contrast, MAO content was decreased in the cortex by either dose of Gen, while in the hippocampus, only a high dose of Gen appeared to be effective. Interestingly, Gen at both the doses could attenuate the increased number of TUNEL-positive neurons and caspase-3 activity in Ovx rats. These results suggest that Gen confers protection against Ovx-induced neurodegeneration by attenuating oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway in a region- and dose-dependent manner.

Conditioned medium from overly excitatory primary astrocytes induced by La3+ increases apoptosis in primary neurons via upregulating the expression of NMDA receptors

Metallomics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1016-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaling Sun ◽  
Jinghua Yang ◽  
Xiaoyu Hu ◽  
Xiang Gao ◽  
Yingqi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Conditioned Medium ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Primary Neurons ◽  
Primary Astrocytes ◽  
The Brain

Lanthanum (La) can accumulate in the brain and impair learning and memory.

Epigenetic regulation of genes in learning and memory

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 263-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania L. Roth ◽  
Eric D. Roth ◽  
J. David Sweatt
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Covalent Modification ◽  
Gene Activity ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Induced Changes

Rapid advances in the field of epigenetics are revealing a new way to understand how we can form and store strong memories of significant events in our lives. Epigenetic modifications of chromatin, namely the post-translational modifications of nuclear proteins and covalent modification of DNA that regulate gene activity in the CNS (central nervous system), continue to be recognized for their pivotal role in synaptic plasticity and memory formation. At the same time, studies are correlating aberrant epigenetic regulation of gene activity with cognitive dysfunction prevalent in CNS disorders and disease. Epigenetic research, then, offers not only a novel approach to understanding the molecular transcriptional mechanisms underlying experience-induced changes in neural function and behaviour, but potential therapeutic treatments aimed at alleviating cognitive dysfunction. In this chapter, we discuss data regarding epigenetic marking of genes in adult learning and memory formation and impairment thereof, as well as data showcasing the promise for manipulating the epigenome in restoring memory capacity.

scholarly journals Reappearance of Hippocampal CA1 Neurons after Ischemia is Associated with Recovery of Learning and Memory

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1586-1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof Bendel ◽  
Tjerk Bueters ◽  
Mia von Euler ◽  
Sven Ove Ögren ◽  
Johan Sandin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Neuronal Marker ◽  
Ca1 Neurons ◽  
Ca1 Region ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
The Brain

The pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1 region are essential for cognitive functions such as spatial learning and memory, and are selectively destroyed after cerebral ischemia. To analyze whether degenerated CA1 neurons are replaced by new neurons and whether such regeneration is associated with amelioration in learning and memory deficits, we have used a rat global ischemia model that provides an almost complete disappearance (to approximately 3% of control) of CA1 neurons associated with a robust impairment in spatial learning and memory at two weeks after ischemia. We found that transient cerebral ischemia can evoke a massive formation of new neurons in the CA1 region, reaching approximately 40% of the original number of neurons at 90 days after ischemia (DAI). Co-localization of the mature neuronal marker neuronal nuclei with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine in CA1 confirmed that neurogenesis indeed had occurred after the ischemic insult. Furthermore, we found increased numbers of cells expressing the immature neuron marker polysialic acid neuronal cell adhesion molecule in the adjacent lateral periventricular region, suggesting that the newly formed neurons derive from this region. The reappearance of CA1 neurons was associated with a recovery of ischemia-induced impairments in spatial learning and memory at 90 DAI, suggesting that the newly formed CA1 neurons restore hippocampal CA1 function. In conclusion, these results show that the brain has an endogenous capacity to form new nerve cells after injury, which correlates with a restoration of cognitive functions of the brain.

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