Stratospheric aerosol particles and solar-radiation management

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 713-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Pope ◽  
P. Braesicke ◽  
R. G. Grainger ◽  
M. Kalberer ◽  
I. M. Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Solar Radiation Management ◽  
Radiation Management

scholarly journals Africa's Climate Response to Solar Radiation Management With Stratospheric Aerosol

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izidine Pinto ◽  
Christopher Jack ◽  
Christopher Lennard ◽  
Simone Tilmes ◽  
Romaric C. Odoulami
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Solar Radiation Management ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Radiation Management

scholarly journals Scale Invariant Turbulence and Gibbs Free Energy in the Atmosphere

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian F. Tuck
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Open System ◽  
Scale Invariance ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Solar Radiation Management ◽  
Scale Invariant ◽  
Radiation Management

A method of calculating the Gibbs Free Energy (Exergy) for the Earth’s atmosphere using statistical multifractality — scale invariance - is described, and examples given of its application to the stratosphere, including a methodology for extension to aerosol particles. The role of organic molecules in determining the radiative transfer characteristics of aerosols is pointed out. These methods are discussed in the context of the atmosphere as an open system far from chemical and physical equilibrium, and used to urge caution in deploying “solar radiation management”.

scholarly journals What is the limit of stratospheric sulfur climate engineering?

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 10939-10969 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Niemeier ◽  
C. Timmreck
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Solar Radiation Management ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Radiation Management ◽  
Business As Usual

Abstract. The injection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the stratosphere to form an artificial stratospheric aerosol layer is considered as an option for solar radiation management. The related reduction in radiative forcing depends upon the amount injected of sulfur dioxide but aerosol model studies indicate a decrease in forcing efficiency with increasing injection magnitude. None of these studies, however, consider injection strengths greater than 10 Tg(S) yr-1. This would be necessary to counteract the strong anthropogenic forcing expected if "business as usual" emission conditions continue throughout this century. To understand the effects of the injection of larger amounts of SO2 we have calculated the effects of SO2 injections up to 100 Tg(S) yr-1. We estimate the reliability of our results through consideration of various injection strategies, and from comparison with results obtained from other models. Our calculations show that the efficiency of the aerosol layer, expressed as the relationship between sulfate aerosol forcing and injection strength, decays exponentially. This result implies that the solar radiation management strategy required to keep temperatures constant at that anticipated for 2020, whilst maintaining "business as usual" conditions, would require atmospheric injections of the order of 45 Tg(S) yr-1 which amounts to 6 times that emitted from of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption each year.

scholarly journals What is the limit of climate engineering by stratospheric injection of SO<sub>2</sub>?

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (16) ◽  
pp. 9129-9141 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Niemeier ◽  
C. Timmreck
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Solar Radiation Management ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Radiation Management ◽  
Business As Usual

Abstract. The injection of sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the stratosphere to form an artificial stratospheric aerosol layer is discussed as an option for solar radiation management. The related reduction of radiative forcing depends upon the injected amount of sulfur dioxide, but aerosol model studies indicate a decrease in forcing efficiency with increasing injection rate. None of these studies, however, consider injection rates greater than 20 Tg(S) yr−1. But this would be necessary to counteract the strong anthropogenic forcing expected if "business as usual" emission conditions continue throughout this century. To understand the effects of the injection of larger amounts of SO2, we have calculated the effects of SO2 injections up to 100 Tg(S) yr−1. We estimate the reliability of our results through consideration of various injection strategies and from comparison with results obtained from other models. Our calculations show that the efficiency of such a geoengineering method, expressed as the ratio between sulfate aerosol forcing and injection rate, decays exponentially. This result implies that the sulfate solar radiation management strategy required to keep temperatures constant at that anticipated for 2020, while maintaining business as usual conditions, would require atmospheric injections of approximately 45 Tg(S) yr−1 (±15 % or 7 Tg(S) yr−1) at a height corresponding to 60 hPa. This emission is equivalent to 5 to 7 times the Mt. Pinatubo eruption each year.

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