A plant pathogen virulence factor inhibits the eukaryotic proteasome by a novel mechanism

Nature ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 452 (7188) ◽  
pp. 755-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Groll ◽  
Barbara Schellenberg ◽  
André S. Bachmann ◽  
Crystal R. Archer ◽  
Robert Huber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Virulence

The alkyne-tag Raman imaging of coronatine, a plant pathogen virulence factor, in Commelina communis and its possible mode of action

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3348-3352
Author(s):  
Minoru Ueda ◽  
Kengo Hayashi ◽  
Syusuke Egoshi ◽  
Yasuhiro Ishimaru ◽  
Yousuke Takaoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Raman Imaging ◽  
Ethylene Signaling ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Ethylene Signaling Pathway

Coronatine, a virulence factor of plant bacteria, facilitates bacterial infection through an ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-mediated mechanism and works by affecting the ethylene signaling pathway.

scholarly journals Plant–Pathogen Molecular Dialogue: Evolution, Mechanisms and Agricultural Implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-211
Author(s):  
E. E. Khavkin
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Pathogen Virulence

Abstract Plant diseases persistently challenge sustainable crop production worldwide. The most economical and eco-friendly way to effectively deal with this problem is to breed new cultivars with stable and durable resistance. Current progress towards this goal has been reinforced by considerable advancements in the molecular studies of pathogens and host plants. These advancements have greatly benefited from recently developed methods to research into gene structure and activity, especially the “omics” technologies. These steps forward are vividly represented by the case of late blight, which is economically the most important disease of potato and tomato (Solanum L.). Late blight became a popular model of multidimensional plant-microbe interactions, and newly obtained molecular evidence has considerably reshaped both our vision of plant–pathogen molecular dialogue and our approach to mitigating this disease. Drawing on recent publications, this review will focus on genome of the causal agent of disease, the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, and its already characterized genes of virulence, with particular emphasis on their evolution, which underlines the exceptional genetic and phenotypic plasticity of this pathogen. Specially highlighted is the diversity of the immediate tools of virulence—effectors, which interact with potato target molecules, alter host physiology and facilitate plant colonization. Turning to plant defense barriers, the reviewer elaborates on the polymorphism and evolution of Solanum genes providing for plant resistance to P. infestans. The repertoire of P. infestans virulence genes in agrocenoses and the diversity of resistance genes in potato wild relatives are explored as regards the agriculture-oriented implementation of new molecular knowledge. The multifaceted approach to late blight combines the search for new resistance genes in genetic collections, the characterization of their function and stacking these genes in potato cultivars in order to breed new donors of long-lasting and durable resistance together with express assessment of pathogen virulence genes.

scholarly journals Small RNA trafficking at the forefront of plant–pathogen interactions

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Xiangxiu Liang ◽  
Jian-Min Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

Plants and pathogenic microbes are engaged in constant attacks and counterattacks at the interface of the interacting organisms. Much of the molecular warfare involves cross-kingdom trafficking of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites that act as toxins, inhibitors, lytic enzymes, and signaling molecules. How various molecules are transported across the boundaries of plants and pathogens has remained largely unknown until now. Extracellular vesicles have emerged as likely carriers of molecular ammunition for both plants and pathogens. Recent advances are beginning to show how extracellular vesicles serve as powerful vehicles that transfer small RNAs from plants to fungal cells to diminish pathogen virulence and from fungi to plant cells to dampen host immunity.

scholarly journals A horizontally acquired expansin gene increases virulence of the emerging plant pathogen Erwinia tracheiphila

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Rocha ◽  
Lori R. Shapiro ◽  
Roberto Kolter
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase Family ◽  
Erwinia Tracheiphila ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Horizontal Acquisition ◽  
Hydrolase Family

AbstractAll land plants depend on proteins called ‘expansins’ that non-enzymatically loosen structural cellulose, enabling cell wall extension during normal growth. Surprisingly, expansin genes are also present – but functionally uncharacterized – in taxonomically diverse bacteria and fungi that do not produce cellulosic cell walls. Here, we find that Erwinia tracheiphila (Enterobacteriaceae), the causative agent of bacterial wilt of cucurbits, has horizontally acquired an operon with a microbial expansin (exlx) gene and a glycoside hydrolase family 5 (gh5) gene. E. tracheiphila is an unusually virulent plant pathogen that induces systemic wilt symptoms followed by plant death, and has only recently emerged into cultivated cucurbit populations in temperate Eastern North America. Plant inoculation experiments with deletion mutants show that EXLX-GH5 is a secreted virulence factor that confers efficient xylem movement and colonization ability to E. tracheiphila. Bacterial colonization of xylem blocks sap flow, inducing wilt symptoms and causing plant death. Together, these results suggest that the horizontal acquisition of the exlx-gh5 locus was likely a key step driving the recent emergence of E. tracheiphila. The increase in E. tracheiphila virulence conferred by microbial expansins, the presence of this gene in many other bacterial and fungal wilt-inducing plant pathogen species, and the amenability of microbial expansins to horizontal gene transfer suggest this gene may be an under-appreciated virulence factor in taxonomically diverse agricultural pathogens.ImportanceErwinia tracheiphila is a bacterial plant pathogen that causes a fatal wilt infection in cucurbit crop plants. Here, we report that E. tracheiphila has horizontally acquired a microbial expansin gene (exlx) adjacent to a glycoside hydrolase family 5 (gh5) gene. Expansins are predominantly associated with plants due to their essential role in loosening structural cell wall cellulose during normal growth. We find that the EXLX and GH5 proteins in E. tracheiphila function as a single complex to facilitate xylem colonization, possibly by manipulating the size of xylem structures that normally exclude the passage of bacteria. This suggests that horizontal acquisition of the exlx-gh5 locus was likely a key step in the recent emergence of E. tracheiphila as an unusually virulent plant pathogen. The presence of microbial expansin genes in diverse species of bacterial and fungal wilt-inducing pathogens suggests it may be an under-appreciated virulence factor for other microbes.

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