scholarly journals Sex change and relative body size in animals (reply)

Nature ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 428 (6983) ◽  
pp. 2-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Allsop ◽  
Stuart A. West
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sex Change ◽  
Relative Body Size

Sex change and relative body size in animals

Nature ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 428 (6983) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Buston ◽  
Philip L. Munday ◽  
Robert R. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sex Change ◽  
Relative Body Size

scholarly journals Contest interactions and outcomes: relative body size and aggression independently predict contest status

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa D. Mitchem ◽  
Reena Debray ◽  
Vincent A. Formica ◽  
Edmund D. Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Relative Body Size

The Role of Relative Body Size in a Predator-Prey Relationship between Dragonfly Naiads and Larval Anurans

Oikos ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Travis ◽  
W. Hubert Keen ◽  
John Juilianna
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Larval Anurans ◽  
Relative Body Size

Lift force reduction due to body image of vortex for a hovering flight model

2012 ◽  
Vol 709 ◽  
pp. 648-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. X. Wang ◽  
Z. N. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Lift Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vortex Rings ◽  
Body Images ◽  
Hovering Flight ◽  
Equivalent Radius ◽  
Force Reduction ◽  
Relative Body Size

AbstractThe effect of the body on the lift force in hovering flight is studied here by including the effect of image vortex rings (IVRs) in the inviscid vortex ring model proposed by Rayner (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 91, 1979, pp. 697–730) and used by Wang & Wu (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 654, 2010, pp. 453–472) to study lift force due to wakes. The body is treated simply as an equivalent sphere following the data of Ellington (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, vol. 305, 1984a, pp. 17–40). It is shown that the body image reduces the lift by inducing a further downwash near the wing tip and an additional contraction to the real vortex rings (RVRs). The amount of force reduction due to body image is found to grow cubically with relative body size, defined by the equivalent radius relative to the wing span, and approximately linearly with the feathering parameter. For Apis and Bombus with large relative body size and large feathering parameter, the body images reduce lift by an amount near 8 % according to the present simplified analysis.

scholarly journals Macroevolutionary Patterns of Sexual Size Dimorphism Among African Tree Frogs (Family: Hyperoliidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M Portik ◽  
David C Blackburn ◽  
Jimmy A McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Change ◽  
Sexual Dichromatism ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Size Scaling ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Protogynous Sex Change

Abstract Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is shaped by multiple selective forces that drive the evolution of sex-specific body size, resulting in male or female-biased SSD. Stronger selection on one sex can result in an allometric body size scaling relationship consistent with Rensch’s rule or its converse. Anurans (frogs and toads) generally display female-biased SSD, but there is variation across clades and the mechanisms driving the evolution of SSD remain poorly understood. We investigated these topics in a diverse family of African treefrogs (Hyperoliidae). Hyperoliids display traits considered rare among amphibians, including sexual dichromatism and protogynous sex change. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we tested if adult ecology, sexual dichromatism, and sex change were predictors of body size or SSD. We also tested whether hyperoliids displayed allometric interspecific body size scaling relationships. We found a majority of hyperoliid taxa display female-biased SSD, but that adult ecology and sexual dichromatism are poor predictors of sex-specific body size and SSD. Regardless of the groupings analyzed (partitioned by clades or traits), we found support for isometric body size scaling. However, we found that sex change is a significant predictor of SSD variation. Species in the Hyperolius viridiflavus complex, which putatively display this trait, show a significant reduction in SSD and are frequently sexually monomorphic in size. Although protogynous sex change needs to be validated for several of these species, we tentatively propose this trait is a novel mechanism influencing anuran body size evolution. Beyond this association, additional factors that shape the evolution of anuran body size and SSD remain elusive.

Growth in early life and relative body size among adult polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

1996 ◽  
Vol 239 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Atkinson ◽  
I. Stirling ◽  
M. A. Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Ursus Maritimus ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Relative Body Size
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