scholarly journals Metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans biofilms and gene expression during exposure to xylitol and sucrose

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Decker ◽  
Christian Klein ◽  
Dimitri Schwindt ◽  
Christiane von Ohle
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Metabolic Activity

scholarly journals Influence of Angiopoietin Treatment with Hypoxia and Normoxia on Human Intervertebral Disc Progenitor Cell’s Proliferation, Metabolic Activity, and Phenotype

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7144
Author(s):  
Muriel C. Bischof ◽  
Sonja Häckel ◽  
Andrea Oberli ◽  
Andreas S. Croft ◽  
Katharina A. C. Oswald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Relative Gene Expression ◽  
Progenitor Cell Population ◽  
Ivd Degeneration ◽  
Relative Gene

Increasing evidence implicates intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration as a major contributor to low back pain. In addition to a series of pathogenic processes, degenerated IVDs become vascularized in contrast to healthy IVDs. In this context, angiopoietin (Ang) plays a crucial role and is involved in cytokine recruitment, and anabolic and catabolic reactions within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Over the last decade, a progenitor cell population has been described in the nucleus pulposus (NP) of the IVD to be positive for the Tie2 marker (also known as Ang-1 receptor). In this study, we investigated the influence of Ang-1 and Ang-2 on human NP cell (Tie2+, Tie2- or mixed) populations isolated from trauma patients during 7 days in normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (≤ 5% O2). At the end of the process, the proliferation and metabolic activity of the NP cells were analyzed. Additionally, the relative gene expression of NP-related markers was evaluated. NP cells showed a higher proliferation depending on the Ang treatment. Moreover, the study revealed higher NP cell metabolism when cultured in hypoxia. Additionally, the relative gene expression followed, with an increase linked to the oxygen level and Ang concentration. Our study comparing different NP cell populations may be the start of new approaches for the treatment of IVD degeneration.

scholarly journals Biotribological Tests of Osteochondral Grafts after Treatment with Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

Cartilage ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 194760352199490
Author(s):  
Christoph Bauer ◽  
Hakan Göçerler ◽  
Eugenia Niculescu-Morzsa ◽  
Vivek Jeyakumar ◽  
Christoph Stotter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Wear Debris ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Test Fluid ◽  
Osteochondral Grafts ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Proteoglycan Content ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

ObjectiveDuring osteoarthritis progression, cartilage degrades in a manner that influences its biomechanical and biotribological properties, while chondrocytes reduce the synthesis of extracellular matrix components and become apoptotic. This study investigates the effects of inflammation on cartilage under biomechanical stress using biotribological tests.MethodsBovine osteochondral grafts from five animals were punched out from the medial condyle and treated with or without pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], IL-6) for 2 weeks. After incubation, biotribological tests were performed for 2 hours (alternating 10 minutes test and pause respectively at 39°C, 180 N, 1 Hz, and 2 mm stroke). Before and after testing, the cartilage surface was imaged with a 3-dimensional microscope. During testing, the coefficient of friction (COF) was measured, while gene expression analysis and investigation of metabolic activity of chondrocytes were carried out after testing. Histological sections of the tissue and wear debris from the test fluid were also analyzed.ResultsAfter biotribological tests, surface cracks were found in both treated and untreated osteochondral grafts. In treated grafts, the COF increased, and the proteoglycan content in the cartilage tissue decreased, leading to structural changes. Chondrocytes from treated grafts showed increased expression of genes encoding for degradative enzymes, while cartilage-specific gene expression and metabolic activity exhibited no significant differences between treated and untreated groups. No measurable difference in the wear debris in the test fluid was found.ConclusionsTreatment of osteochondral grafts with cytokines results in a significantly increased COF, while also leading to significant changes in cartilage proteoglycan content and cartilage matrix compression during biotribological tests.

scholarly journals pH Stress Alters Cytoplasmic Membrane Fluidity and atpB Gene Expression in Streptococcus mutans

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chul Min Cho ◽  
Seung Il Jung ◽  
Myung Sup Kim ◽  
Sae A Lee ◽  
Jung Sook Kang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Membrane Fluidity ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Ph Stress

scholarly journals Immune deposit and vasculopathy in metabolic-active lung tissues of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Ma ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Zilu Wen ◽  
Xinchun Chen ◽  
Haiying Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Immune Complexes ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Dsdna Antibodies

ABSTRACTMetabolic activity in pulmonary lesion is associated with disease severity and relapse risk in tuberculosis. However, the nature of the metabolic activity associated with tuberculosis in humans remains unclear. Previous works indicate that tuberculosis bears resemblance transcriptionally with systemic lupus erythematosus in peripheral blood, except that the plasma cell component was absent in tuberculosis. Here we reported that the missing transcriptional component was present within the metabolic active tissues in the lung of patients with sputum culture-negative tuberculosis, within which increased levels of circulating immune complexes and anti-dsDNA antibodies were found relative to nearby non-metabolic active tissues. Histological examination revealed specific vascular deposition of immune complexes, neutrophil extracellular traps, and vascular necrosis in the metabolic-active tissue. Thus, tuberculosis-initiated metabolic activity was associated with hyperactive antibody responses and vascular pathology, and shared features with systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. We discussed these observations in the context of earlier literatures demonstrating that similar effects could be induced in humans and animal models by complete freund’s adjuvant, the most potent antibody response inducer ever reported. Our small case series, if verified in a larger size study, might help inform host-directed therapies to alleviate disease progression and augment treatment efficacy.IMPORTANCEIn patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, lung tissues were destroyed by a hyperactive inflammatory response towards M. tuberculosis. The mechanisms underlying the inflammatory response are still poorly understood. Using 18F-FDG avidity as a surrogate marker of inflammation, we have identified that hyper-inflamed tissues possessed features associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: gene expression signatures of plasma cell and immunoglobulins and increased levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies, immune deposits, and vasculopathy. This observation might suggest an explanation to why patients with tuberculosis share more gene expression signatures with autoimmune diseases than infectious diseases and why they are more likely to develop autoimmune diseases. Defining the inflammatory responses at the lesion could help inform host-directed therapies to intervene disease progression or even accelerate cure.

scholarly journals AguR Is Required for Induction of the Streptococcus mutans Agmatine Deiminase System by Low pH and Agmatine

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 2629-2637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaling Liu ◽  
Lin Zeng ◽  
Robert A. Burne
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Binding ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Dna Binding Domain ◽  
Mutant Proteins ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Agmatine Deiminase

ABSTRACT Acidic conditions and the presence of exogenous agmatine are required to achieve maximal expression of the agmatine deiminase system (AgDS) of Streptococcus mutans. Here we demonstrate that the transcriptional activator of the AgDS, AguR, is required for the responses to agmatine and to low pH. Linker scanning mutagenesis was used to create a panel of mutated aguR genes that were utilized to complement an aguR deletion mutant of S. mutans. The level of production of the mutant proteins was shown to be comparable to that of the wild-type AguR protein. Mutations in the predicted DNA binding domain of AguR eliminated activation of the agu operon. Insertions into the region connecting the DNA binding domain to the predicted extracellular and transmembrane domains were well tolerated. In contrast, a variety of mutants were isolated that had a diminished capacity to respond to low pH but retained the ability to activate AgDS gene expression in response to agmatine, and vice versa. Also, a number of mutants were unable to respond to either agmatine or low pH. AguD, which is a predicted agmatine-putrescine antiporter, was found to be a negative regulator of AgDS gene expression in the absence of exogenous agmatine but was not required for low-pH induction of the AgDS genes. This study reveals that the control of AgDS gene expression by both agmatine and low pH is coordinated through the AguR protein and begins to identify domains of the protein involved in sensing and signaling.

Alpha-lipoic acid prevents arsenic toxicity in HepG2 cells by upregulation of GSH content, metabolic activity and HOX1 gene expression

2007 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. S47-S48
Author(s):  
Selene Huerta-Olvera ◽  
José Macías-Barragán ◽  
Juan Armendáriz-Borunda ◽  
Fernando Diaz-Barriga ◽  
Fernando Siller-López
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Lipoic Acid ◽  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Arsenic Toxicity ◽  
Alpha Lipoic Acid

scholarly journals Amino Sugars Reshape Interactions between Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lulu Chen ◽  
Alejandro R. Walker ◽  
Robert A. Burne ◽  
Lin Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Amino Sugars ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Streptococcus Gordonii ◽  
Bacterial Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Amino sugars, particularly glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), are abundant carbon and nitrogen sources supplied in host secretions and in the diet to the biofilms colonizing the human oral cavity. Evidence is emerging that these amino sugars provide ecological advantages to beneficial commensals over oral pathogens and pathobionts. Here, we performed transcriptome analysis on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii growing in single-species or dual-species cultures with glucose, GlcN, or GlcNAc as the primary carbohydrate source. Compared to glucose, GlcN caused drastic transcriptomic shifts in each species of bacteria when it was cultured alone. Likewise, cocultivation in the presence of GlcN yielded transcriptomic profiles that were dramatically different from the single-species results from GlcN-grown cells. In contrast, GlcNAc elicited only minor changes in the transcriptome of either organism in single- and dual-species cultures. Interestingly, genes involved in pyruvate metabolism were among the most significantly affected by GlcN in both species, and these changes were consistent with measurements of pyruvate in culture supernatants. Differing from what was found in a previous report, growth of S. mutans alone with GlcN inhibited the expression of multiple operons required for mutacin production. Cocultivation with S. gordonii consistently increased the expression of two manganese transporter operons (slo and mntH) and decreased expression of mutacin genes in S. mutans. Conversely, S. gordonii appeared to be less affected by the presence of S. mutans but did show increases in genes for biosynthetic processes in the cocultures. In conclusion, amino sugars profoundly alter the interactions between pathogenic and commensal streptococci by reprogramming central metabolism. IMPORTANCE Carbohydrate metabolism is central to the development of dental caries. A variety of sugars available to dental microorganisms influence the development of caries by affecting the physiology, ecology, and pathogenic potential of tooth biofilms. Using two well-characterized oral bacteria, one pathogen (Streptococcus mutans) and one commensal (Streptococcus gordonii), in an RNA deep-sequencing analysis, we studied the impact of two abundant amino sugars on bacterial gene expression and interspecies interactions. The results indicated large-scale remodeling of gene expression induced by GlcN in particular, affecting bacterial energy generation, acid production, protein synthesis, and release of antimicrobial molecules. Our study provides novel insights into how amino sugars modify bacterial behavior, information that will be valuable in the design of new technologies to detect and prevent oral infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Assess the Biological Properties of Propolis on Metabolic Activity and Biofilm Formation in Streptococcus mutans

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jorge Jesús Veloz ◽  
Marysol Alvear ◽  
Luis A. Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Crystal Violet ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Flow Cytometry Analysis

Several biological activities have been reported for the Chilean propolis, among their antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties, due to its high polyphenol content. In this study, we evaluate alternative methods to assess the effect of Chilean propolis on biofilm formation and metabolic activity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), a major cariogenic agent in oral cavity. Biofilm formation was studied by using crystal violet and by confocal microscopy. The metabolic activity of biofilm was evaluated by MTT and by flow cytometry analysis. The results show that propolis reduces biofilm formation and biofilm metabolic activity in S. mutans. When the variability of the methods to measure biofilm formation was compared, the coefficient of variation (CV) fluctuated between 12.8 and 23.1% when using crystal violet methodology. On the other hand, the CV ranged between 2.2 and 3.3% with confocal microscopy analysis. The CV for biofilm’s metabolic activity measured by MTT methodology ranged between 5.0 and 11.6%, in comparison with 1.9 to 3.2% when flow cytometry analysis was used. Besides, it is possible to conclude that the methods based on colored compounds presented lower precision to study the effect of propolis on biofilm properties. Therefore, we recommend the use of flow cytometry and confocal microscopy in S. mutans biofilm analysis.

scholarly journals Suppressive Effects of Octyl Gallate on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation, Acidogenicity, and Gene Expression

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (17) ◽  
pp. 3170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vika Gabe ◽  
Tomas Kacergius ◽  
Saleh Abu-Lafi ◽  
Mouhammad Zeidan ◽  
Basheer Abu-Farich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Expression Change ◽  
Biofilm Development

The accumulation of biofilm by Streptococcus mutans bacteria on hard tooth tissues leads to dental caries, which remains one of the most prevalent oral diseases. Hence, the development of new antibiofilm agents is of critical importance. The current study reports the results from testing the effectiveness of octyl gallate (C8-OG) against: (1) S. mutans biofilm formation on solid surfaces (polystyrene, glass), (2) acidogenicity, (3) and the expression of biofilm-related genes. The amount of biofilm formed by S. mutans bacteria was evaluated using the colorimetric method and optical profilometry. The pH of the biofilm growth medium was measured with microelectrode. A quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to assess the expression of genes encoding glucan binding protein B (gbpB), glucosyltransferases B, -C, -D (gtfB, -C, -D), and the F-ATPase β subunit of the F1 protein (atpD). The results show that C8-OG significantly diminished biofilm formation by exposed S. mutans on solid surfaces and suppressed acidogenicity in a dose-dependent manner, compared to unexposed bacteria (p < 0.05). The C8-OG concentration of 100.24 µM inhibited S. mutans biofilm development on solid surfaces by 100% and prevented a decrease in pH levels by 99%. In addition, the RT-qPCR data demonstrate that the biofilm-producing bacteria treated with C8-OG underwent a significant reduction in gene expression in the case of the four genes under study (gbpB, gtfC, gtfD, and atpD), and there was a slight decrease in expression of the gtfB gene. However, C8-OG treatments did not produce significant expression change compared to the control for the planktonic cells, although there was a significant increase for the atpD gene. Therefore, C8-OG might be a potent antibiofilm and/or anticaries agent for oral formulations that aim to reduce the prevalence of dental caries.

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