scholarly journals The α1L -adrenoceptor is an alternative phenotype of the α1A -adrenoceptor

2008 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
C P Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Phenotype

scholarly journals Primary Myocardial Fibrosis as an Alternative Phenotype Pathway of Inherited Cardiac Structural Disorders

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (25) ◽  
pp. 2716-2726 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Juhani Junttila ◽  
Lauri Holmström ◽  
Katri Pylkäs ◽  
Tuomo Mantere ◽  
Kari Kaikkonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Fibrosis ◽  
Structural Disorders ◽  
Alternative Phenotype

scholarly journals Tumor Cells and Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Secreted Proteins as Potential Targets for Therapy

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Baay ◽  
Anja Brouwer ◽  
Patrick Pauwels ◽  
Marc Peeters ◽  
Filip Lardon
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Tumor Associated Macrophages ◽  
Inflammatory Pathways ◽  
Alternative Phenotype ◽  
Tumor Growth And Metastasis

Inflammatory pathways, meant to defend the organism against infection and injury, as a byproduct, can promote an environment which favors tumor growth and metastasis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which constitute a significant part of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells, have been linked to the growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of a variety of cancers, most likely through polarization of TAMs to the M2 (alternative) phenotype. The interaction between tumor cells and macrophages provides opportunities for therapy. This paper will discuss secreted proteins as targets for intervention.

Recurrence

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane West-Eberhard
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Regulatory Change ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Alternative Phenotype ◽  
Hormonal Mechanism ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Stressful Environments ◽  
Important Evidence ◽  
Complete Metamorphosis

Recurrent phenotypes are similar or identical phenotypic traits with discontinuous phylogenetic distributions, which owe their similarity to common ancestry (homology). A recurrent trait may be found as a fixed trait, as an alternative phenotype (one morph of a polymorphism or polyphenism), or as a low-frequency developmental anomaly. Recurrence, then, is the phyletically disjunct appearance of homologous traits. An example is the repeated evolution of larviform (paedomorphic) adults in salamanders. The larviform morph is characterized by retention in the reproductive stage of homologous larval traits such as external gills and a tail. This has involved changes at various points in the hormonal mechanism that controls metamorphosis in all salamanders (chapter 25), perhaps under selection for accelerated reproduction in stressful environments (Whiteman, 1994). As is characteristic of recurrent phenotypes, the occurrence of the reproductive larviform adult morph varies in frequency from one species of salamander to another: it can be absent, an anomaly (<5% of population), a common (>5%) alternative to complete metamorphosis, or a predominant or fixed form. Even within the genus Ambystoma, the unmetamorphosed larviform adult occurs as an occasional anomaly in some populations, as a facultatively expressed alternative phenotype in others (e.g., A. tigrinum) and as a fixed form in others (e.g., A. dumerilii; Collins et al., 1993). All atavisms and reversions (see chapter 12) are examples of recurrence. Discontinuity of expression is expected in combinatorial evolution, where traits are turned off and on and expressed in different combinations due to regulatory change. The growing evidence of homoplasy in phylogenetic studies is important evidence that combinatorial evolution occurs and that homoplasy itself is worthy of study, not just a source of “noise” in cladistics (Wake, 1996a). Homoplasy has been defined as “possession by two or more taxa of a character derived not from the nearest common ancestor but through convergence, parallelism, or reversal”. More simply, homoplasy is the recurrence of similarity in evolution (Sanderson and Hufford, 1996).

Deletion

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane West-Eberhard
Keyword(s):  
Complex Trait ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Flight Behavior ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
Alternative Phenotypes ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Alternative Phenotype ◽  
Different Levels

Deletion, or trait loss, may seem a step backward rather than a step toward something new. Goldschmidt (1940) emphasized the regressive aspect of deletion by calling it “rudimentation.” But trait deletions create novelties by subtraction, in at least four different ways. First, a complex trait lacking an element may immediately have an altered function. A worker honeybee, for example, is a mature brood-tending female minus the ability to lay eggs, and a queen is a solitary female minus the ability to care for the brood. These reciprocal, complementary deletions, reinforced by kinship, make the two kinds of female into mutually dependent collaborators. Second, the loss of a trait may have correlated developmental effects that force the remaining phenotypic elements into new configurations, as with the virtually deleted forelegs of the two-legged goat (see chapter 3). Third, a deletion, if it is repeatedly produced, makes the resultant phenotype subject to divergent evolution under selection, simply because it is different. Finally, deletion of a phenotypic subunit can release other, genetically and developmentally correlated traits from the evolutionary constraints represented by these correlations, freeing the remaining traits to evolve more rapidly and independently. Deletions can evolve gradually, by change in regulation to reduce the frequency of expression of a trait, as in loss of an alternative phenotype, or by change in form such that elements of the phenotype are gradually lost, as in flight reduction in insects beginning with loss of flight behavior, then wing musculature, then wings (Shaw, 1970; see figure 5.26). Classical gradualism refers to the latter type of change—gradual loss of elements of form— as suggested by the occurrence of mosaic intermediates (e.g., a flightless population that possesses wings). A deletion occurs every time an alternative phenotype evolves to fixation, which means that its former alternative is no longer expressed. Since this is a step in the evolution of many constitutive qualitative trait (see part III), regulatory deletions of alternative phenotypes must be common events. As with other kinds of phenotypic change, deletions occur at different levels of organization, from pieces of genes to elements of behavior and whole life stages of individual development.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the Alternative Phenotype of Microglia/Macrophages and its Modulation in Experimental Gliomas

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. e23902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad Gabrusiewicz ◽  
Aleksandra Ellert-Miklaszewska ◽  
Maciej Lipko ◽  
Malgorzata Sielska ◽  
Marta Frankowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Gliomas ◽  
Alternative Phenotype

Endocannabinoids drive the acquisition of an alternative phenotype in microglia

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 233-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mecha ◽  
A. Feliú ◽  
F.J. Carrillo-Salinas ◽  
A. Rueda-Zubiaurre ◽  
S. Ortega-Gutiérrez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Phenotype

HDL does not influence the polarization of human monocytes toward an alternative phenotype

2014 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Colin ◽  
Mélanie Fanchon ◽  
Loic Belloy ◽  
Andrea E. Bochem ◽  
Corinne Copin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Monocytes ◽  
Alternative Phenotype
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