Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a single clonal lineage

Nature ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 359 (6390) ◽  
pp. 82-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. David Sibley ◽  
John C. Boothroyd
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Clonal Lineage ◽  
Virulent Strains

scholarly journals Label-Free Quantitative Acetylome Analysis Reveals Toxoplasma gondii Genotype-Specific Acetylomic Signatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze-Xiang Wang ◽  
Rui-Si Hu ◽  
Chun-Xue Zhou ◽  
Jun-Jun He ◽  
Hany M. Elsheikha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Histone Acetyl Transferase ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Host Cell Response ◽  
Genotype Iii ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Highly Virulent ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Specific Virulence

Distinct genotypic and pathogenic differences exist between Toxoplasma gondii genotypes. For example, genotype I is highly virulent, whereas genotype II and genotype III are less virulent. Moreover, Chinese 1 genotype (ToxoDB#9) is also virulent. Here, we compare the acetylomes of genotype 1 (RH strain) and Chinese 1 genotype (ToxoDB#9, PYS strain) of T. gondii. Using mass spectrometry enriched for acetylated peptides, we found a relationship between the levels of protein acetylation and parasite genotype-specific virulence. Notably, lysine acetylation was the largest (458 acetylated proteins) in RH strain, followed by PYS strain (188 acetylated proteins), whereas only 115 acetylated proteins were detected in PRU strain. Our analysis revealed four, three, and four motifs in RH strain, PRU strain and PYS strain, respectively. Three conserved sequences around acetylation sites, namely, xxxxxKAcHxxxx, xxxxxKAcFxxxx, and xxxxGKAcSxxxx, were detected in the acetylome of the three strains. However, xxxxxKAcNxxxx (asparagine) was found in RH and PYS strains but was absent in PRU strain. Our analysis also identified 15, 3, and 26 differentially expressed acetylated proteins in RH strain vs. PRU strain, PRU strain vs. PYS strain and PYS strain vs. RH strain, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis showed that a large proportion of the acetylated proteins are involved in metabolic processes. Pathways for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of antibiotics and microbial metabolism in diverse environments were featured in the top five enriched pathways in all three strains. However, acetylated proteins from the virulent strains (RH and PYS) were more enriched in the pyruvate metabolism pathway compared to acetylated proteins from PRU strain. Increased levels of histone-acetyl-transferase and glycyl-tRNA synthase were detected in RH strain compared to PRU strain and PYS strain. Both enzymes play roles in stress tolerance and proliferation, key features in the parasite virulence. These findings reveal novel insight into the acetylomic profiles of major T. gondii genotypes and provide a new important resource for further investigations of the roles of the acetylated parasite proteins in the modulation of the host cell response to the infection of T. gondii.

scholarly journals Genetic analyses of atypical Toxoplasma gondii strains reveal a fourth clonal lineage in North America

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asis Khan ◽  
J.P. Dubey ◽  
Chunlei Su ◽  
James W. Ajioka ◽  
Benjamin M. Rosenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
North America ◽  
Clonal Lineage ◽  
Genetic Analyses

scholarly journals First description of clonal lineage type II (genotype #1) of Toxoplasma gondii in abortion outbreak in goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Júnior Mário Baltazar de Oliveira ◽  
Jonatas Campos de Almeida ◽  
Renata Pimentel Bandeira de Melo ◽  
Luiz Daniel de Barros ◽  
João Luis Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Clonal Lineage ◽  
Genotype 1

Rare case of acute toxoplasmosis in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Brazil associated with the type BrIII Brazilian clonal lineage of Toxoplasma gondii

2017 ◽  
Vol 116 (10) ◽  
pp. 2873-2876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lismara Castro do Nascimento ◽  
Hilda Fátima Jesus Pena ◽  
Ronaldo Viana Leite Filho ◽  
Fernando Froner Argenta ◽  
Bruna Farias Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Clonal Lineage ◽  
Domestic Rabbit ◽  
Acute Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii: the growth characteristics of three virulent strains

Acta Tropica ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J Appleford ◽  
Judith E Smith
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Virulent Strains

scholarly journals In Vivo and In Vitro Virulence Analysis of Four Genetically Distinct Toxoplasma gondii Lineage III Isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1702
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Uzelac ◽  
Ivana Klun ◽  
Vladimir Ćirković ◽  
Olgica Djurković-Djaković
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Stage Conversion ◽  
Virulence Analysis ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Distinct Lineage

Toxoplasma gondii archetypes II and III are mildly virulent, yet virulence of variant strains is largely unknown. While lineage II dominates in humans in Europe, lineage III strains are present in various intermediate hosts. In Serbia, lineage III represents 24% of the population structure and occurs most frequently in domestic animals, implying a significant presence in the human food web. In this study, the virulence of four genetically distinct lineage III variants was assessed in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, two strains were shown to be intermediately virulent and two mildly virulent, with cumulative mortalities of 69.4%, 38.8%, 10.7%, and 6.8%, respectively. The strain with the highest mortality has previously been isolated in Europe and may be endemic; the strain with the lowest mortality matches ToxoDB#54, while the remaining two represent novel genotypes. Identical alleles were detected at ROP5, ROP16, ROP18, and GRA15. A set of in vitro analyses revealed proliferation and plaque formation as virulence factors. Higher levels of expression of ENO2 in intermediately virulent strains point to enhanced metabolism as the underlying mechanism. The results suggest that metabolic attenuation, and possibly stage conversion, may be delayed in virulent strains.

scholarly journals When should a trophically and vertically transmitted parasite manipulate its intermediate host? The case of Toxoplasma gondii

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1765) ◽  
pp. 20131143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Lélu ◽  
Michel Langlais ◽  
Marie-Lazarine Poulle ◽  
Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont ◽  
Sylvain Gandon
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Host Behaviour ◽  
Different Levels

Parasites with complex life cycles are expected to manipulate the behaviour of their intermediate hosts (IHs), which increase their predation rate and facilitate the transmission to definitive hosts (DHs). This ability, however, is a double-edged sword when the parasite can also be transmitted vertically in the IH. In this situation, as the manipulation of the IH behaviour increases the IH death rate, it conflicts with vertical transmission, which requires healthy and reproducing IHs. The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii , a widespread pathogen, combines both trophic and vertical transmission strategies. Is parasite manipulation of host behaviour still adaptive in this situation? We model the evolution of the IH manipulation by T. gondii to study the conflict between these two routes of transmission under different epidemiological situations. Model outputs show that manipulation is particularly advantageous for virulent strains and in epidemic situations, and that different levels of manipulation may evolve depending on the sex of the IH and the transmission routes considered. These results may help to understand the variability of strain characteristics encountered for T. gondii and may extend to other trophically transmitted parasites.

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