Pack formation in cycling and orienteering

G. J. Ackland; D. Butler

doi:10.1038/35093156

Socio-Ecological Implications of Individual Differences in Wolf Litters : a Developmental and Evolutionary Perspective

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853972x00077 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 41 (3-4) ◽

pp. 298-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

M.W. Fox

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Test Scores ◽

Social Facilitation ◽

Social Rank ◽

Evolutionary Perspective ◽

Wide Range ◽

Ecological Implications ◽

Prey Killing ◽

Selection For ◽

Pack Formation

AbstractIndividual differences in response to a number of animate and inanimate moving and non-moving stimuli were studied in 18 wolf cubs from four litters. Social rank was closely correlated with reactivity, exploratory behavior and prey-killing ability. A wide range of variability in test scores was found in all litters. It is proposed that pack integration and coordination of activities is enhanced by intra-specific socialization, social facilitation, and leader-follower relationships between subordinates and the more exploratory alpha individual. The evolutionary advantages of selection for individual differences or behavioral polymorphism within litters are discussed and inferences drawn for significance in pack formation. This hypothesis is supported by contrasting evidence of greater behavioral homogeneity in less social canids, where intra-specific aggression and mutual proximity intolerance prevents pack formation and leads to dispersal of the litter.

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On Pack Formation in Winding of Mineral Fibres

Fibre Chemistry ◽

10.1007/s10692-005-0101-x ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 304-306

Author(s):

L. I. Koroteeva ◽

A. A. Katina

Keyword(s):

Pack Formation

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PROXIMATE EXPLANATIONS FOR FAILED PACK FORMATION IN LYCAON PICTUS

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853901317367708 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 138 (11-12) ◽

pp. 1467-1479 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. Kim McCreery ◽

Robert Robbins

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Theoretical Study ◽

Breeding Population ◽

Mate Competition ◽

Lycaon Pictus ◽

Individual Fitness ◽

African Wild Dog ◽

Proximate Factors ◽

Pack Formation ◽

Wild Dog

AbstractAmong the most social of all canids, the endangered African wild dog lives in packs in which the alpha pair typically monopolizes breeding while nonreproductive members help care for the offspring. Consequently, the size of the breeding population is directly related to the number of packs in the population. Although the formation of new packs affects both individual fitness and population dynamics, little is known about the process of pack formation and the proximate factors that influence the outcome. In this paper, seven cases of attempted pack formation are documented, of which four failed. Three possible explanations for pack annulment are considered: group size, mate competition, and mate choice (i.e. group compatibility). Our observations suggest that group compatibility can influence whether stable reproductive units form. The influence of individual behavior, via the process of pack formation, on population dynamics is discussed. The potential conservation application of the theoretical study of wild dog pack formation is highlighted.

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More Pace Variation and Pack Formation in Successful World-Class 10,000-m Runners Than in Less Successful Competitors

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0852 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 1369-1376

Author(s):

Andrew Renfree ◽

Arturo Casado ◽

Gonzalo Pellejero ◽

Brian Hanley

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Predictive Ability ◽

Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Stepwise Linear Regression ◽

Performance Variables ◽

World Class ◽

Pack Formation ◽

And Performance ◽

High Degree ◽

Mean Time

Purpose: To determine different relationships between, and predictive ability of, performance variables at intermediate distances with finishing time in elite male 10,000-m runners. Methods: Official electronic finishing and 100-m split times of the men’s 10,000-m finals at the 2008 and 2016 Olympic Games and IAAF World Championships in 2013 and 2017 were obtained (125 athlete performances in total). Correlations were calculated between finishing times and positions and performance variables related to speed, position, time to the leader, and time to the runner in front at 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000, and 9900 m. Stepwise linear-regression analysis was conducted between finishing times and positions and these variables across the race. One-way analysis of variance was performed to identify differences between intermediate distances. Results: The SD and kurtosis of mean time, skewness of mean time, and position and time difference to the leader were either correlated with or significantly contributed to predictions of finishing time and position at at least one of the analyzed distances (.81 ≥ r ≥ .30 and .001 ≤ P ≤ .03, respectively). These variables also displayed variation across the race (.001 ≤ P ≤ .05). Conclusions: The ability to undertake a high degree of pace variability, mostly characterized by acceleration in the final stages, is strongly associated with achievement of high finishing positions in championship 10,000-m racing. Furthermore, the adoption and maintenance of positions close to the front of the race from the early stages are important to achieve a high finishing position.

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A Novel Technique for Artificial Pack Formation in African Wild Dogs Using Odour Familiarity

African Journal of Wildlife Research ◽

10.3957/056.049.0116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Courtney J. Marneweck ◽

Antoine F.J. Marchal ◽

David G. Marneweck ◽

Grant Beverley ◽

Harriet T. Davies-Mostert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Novel Technique ◽

African Wild Dogs ◽

Pack Formation ◽

Wild Dogs

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Factors affecting the success of artificial pack formation in an endangered, social carnivore: the African wild dog

Animal Conservation ◽

10.1111/acv.12490 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 493-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

C. Marneweck ◽

P. A. Becker ◽

G. Beverley ◽

H. T. Davies‐Mostert ◽

C. du Plessis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factors Affecting ◽

African Wild Dog ◽

Pack Formation ◽

Wild Dog

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SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS AS AN INDICATOR OF SUCCESSFUL PACK FORMATION IN FREE-RANGING AFRICAN WILD DOGS

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853900502222 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 137 (5) ◽

pp. 579-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

E. Kim McCreery

Keyword(s):

Social History ◽

Social Bonds ◽

Social Process ◽

Relative Strength ◽

Physical Contact ◽

Spatial Relationships ◽

Same Sex ◽

African Wild Dogs ◽

Opposite Sex ◽

Pack Formation

AbstractPack formation in the African wild dog is a social process that usually involves more than two individuals. Typically, same-sex relatives emigrate and join opposite-sex groups. Same-sex relatives have a shared social history and, consequently, established social bonds. In contrast, opposite-sex groups are unfamiliar with one another. Patterns of association (approaches and resting partners) were recorded during the daily resting period for three newly formed packs. Two packs annulled (Gijima and Amazoro) and one pack (Sinajima) became a stable reproductive unit (i.e. an established pack). An analysis of resting patterns suggests that spatial relationships mirror the relative strength of social bonds and thus the degree of social integration between females and males. Former members of the annulled Gijima pack rested with the same sex more often, and actively maintained this pattern, while opposite-sex associations were observed and maintained more often in the Sinajima pack. The Amazoro pack appeared more integrated than the Gijima pack, but less integrated than the Sinajima pack. Mate choice (i.e. group compatibility) may have influenced the outcome of attempted pack formation. The two cases of pack annulment were not the result of takeovers (i.e. the forceful expulsion of same-sex individuals), and same-sex associations were more common in these packs suggesting that opposite-sex group members were incompatible. The extremely social nature of this canid is reflected in the maintenance of physical contact or relatively short inter-individual distances while resting.

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The successful reintroduction of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) to Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0249860 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0249860

Author(s):

Paola Bouley ◽

Antonio Paulo ◽

Mercia Angela ◽

Cole Du Plessis ◽

David G. Marneweck

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

Ecological Impact ◽

Population Expansion ◽

Large Carnivores ◽

Lycaon Pictus ◽

African Wild Dogs ◽

Pack Formation ◽

Wild Dog ◽

Wild Dogs ◽

Indicators Of Success

Large carnivores have experienced widespread extirpation and species are now threatened globally. The ecological impact of the loss of large carnivores has been prominent in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique, after most were extirpated during the 1977–92 civil war. To remedy this, reintroductions are now being implemented in Gorongosa, initiating with endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), hereafter ‘wild dogs’. We describe the first transboundary translocation and reintroduction of founding packs of wild dogs to Gorongosa over a 28-month study period and evaluate the success of the reintroduction based on five key indicator categories. We also assess how wild dog space use and diet influenced their success. We found that pre-release, artificial pack formation in holding enclosures aided group cohesion and alpha pair establishment. Post-release, we also observed natural pack formations as a result of multiple dispersal events. Founder and naturally formed packs produced pups in two of the three breeding seasons and packs successfully recruited pups. Survival rate for all wild dogs was 73% and all mortality events were from natural causes. Consequently, the population grew significantly over the study period. All indicators of success were fully achieved and this study documents the first successful reintroduction of wild dogs into a large, unfenced landscape in Mozambique and only the second on the continent. Potential mechanisms underlying these early successes were the avoidance of habitats intensively used by lions, dietary partitioning with lion, avoidance of human settlements, and Gorongosa’s management strategy. We predict further population expansion in Gorongosa given that 68% of the park is still unused by wild dogs. This expansion could be stimulated by continued reintroductions over the short- to medium-term. Recovery of wild dogs in Gorongosa could aid in the re-establishment of a larger, connected population across the greater Gorongosa-Marromeu landscape.

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