Cobalt in ferromanganese crusts as a monitor of hydrothermal discharge on the Pacific sea floor

Nature ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 335 (6185) ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. Manheim ◽  
C. M. Lane-Bostwick
Keyword(s):  
Sea Floor ◽  
Ferromanganese Crusts ◽  
The Pacific

PHOSPHATIZED WOOD FROM THE PACIFIC SEA FLOOR

1960 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDWARD D. GOLDBERG ◽  
ROBERT H. PARKER
Keyword(s):  
Sea Floor ◽  
The Pacific

A Measurement of Seismic Anistropy in the Northeast Pacific

1971 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1056-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Keen ◽  
D. L. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Refraction ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
P Wave Velocity ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Magnetic Lineations ◽  
Sea Floor Spreading

A seismic refraction experiment was conducted in the Pacific Ocean basin, off the coast of British Columbia, Canada. The purpose of these measurements was to obtain an estimate of the anisotropy of the mantle P-wave velocity in the area and to relate this parameter to the direction of sea floor spreading. The results show that the crustal structure is similar to that measured elsewhere in the Pacific basin. Significant anisotropy of the mantle rocks is observed; the direction in which the maximum velocity occurs being 107° and the change of velocity, about 8% of the mean value, 8.07 km/s. The direction of maximum velocity does not coincide exactly with the direction of sea floor spreading, 090°, inferred from magnetic lineations.

Geology of the pacific sea floor

1959 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Menard
Keyword(s):  
Sea Floor ◽  
The Pacific

A Method for Quantitative Evaluation of Carbonate Dissolution in Deep-Sea Sediments and its Application to Paleoceanographic Reconstruction

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teh-Lung Ku ◽  
Tadamichi Oba
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Bottom Water ◽  
Carbonate Dissolution ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Dissolution Rates ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Difference

A method is proposed by which the degree of attrition of the tests of certain foraminifera species, such as Globorotalia menardii and Globorotalia tumida, is used to “scale” the amount of CaCO3 that has been dissolved from sediment. The scale is calibrated experimentally in the laboratory. The method has been applied to three calcareous cores from the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. It is shown that the original CaCO3 contents in these cores were high (82–95%) and relatively uniform compared to the present down-core values. About 65 to 85% of the originally deposited CaCO3 has been dissolved, corresponding to dissolution rates on the order of 0.1-0.3 moles/cm2/yr. These results indicate that appreciable solution could have occurred on sea floor rich in calcareous sediments and that the variation in CaCO3 content in a core may have resulted largely from dissolution. The difference in the degree of solution between glacial and interglacial sediments in these cores is not so distinct, with ⋍ 10% less intense dissolution during glacial times on the average. However, the dissolution minimum occurring around the late Wisconsin glaciation (10,000–20,000 yr B.P.) previously noted in several cores elsewhere is confirmed. At that time, near the site of core M70 PC-20 in the southwest Pacific, the CO32− concentration of the bottom water is estimated to have been approximately 5% higher than the present value, and the calcite lysocline was about 300 m deeper. To evaluate possible variations in CaCO3 deposition rate across the glacial-interglacial transitions requires precise age control, which the present study lacks.

A. Wegener - O. Ampferer - R. Schwinner: The First Chapter of the "New Globale Tectonic"

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Fiügel
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Plate ◽  
Benioff Zone ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Middle Atlantic ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Sea Floor Spreading

Between 1906-1948, Wegener, Ampferer, and Schwinner worked out many tectonic concepts which are today parts of the New Globale Tectonic, including the idea of convection currents, the origin ofthe Middle Atlantic Ridge in connection with sea-floor spreading, the concept of the "Benioff-Zone", the subduction of parts of the Pacific plate under the continents, and the linkage of these features with volcanism. Many of these ideas were soon forgotten and had to be "rediscovered" once again.

Uranium isotope systematics of ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific Ocean: Implications for the marine 238 U/ 235 U isotope system

2014 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 43-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke T. Goto ◽  
Ariel D. Anbar ◽  
Gwyneth W. Gordon ◽  
Stephen J. Romaniello ◽  
Gen Shimoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Uranium Isotope ◽  
Ferromanganese Crusts ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Isotope System ◽  
Isotope Systematics

Cobalt, nickel, and copper in ore minerals of cobalt-bearing ferromanganese crusts from the Magellan Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean

2013 ◽  
Vol 450 (1) ◽  
pp. 566-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. Novikov ◽  
I. V. Vikent’ev ◽  
M. E. Mel’nikov ◽  
O. Yu. Bogdanova ◽  
N. I. Eremin
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Ferromanganese Crusts ◽  
Magellan Seamounts ◽  
Cobalt Nickel ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ore Minerals ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS AND BOTTOM LOSSES AT NORMAL INCIDENCE COMPUTED FROM PACIFIC SEDIMENT PROPERTIES

Geophysics ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 995-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin L. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Silty Sand ◽  
Reflection Coefficients ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Sediment Properties ◽  
Compressional Waves ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Sediment Types ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Clayey Silt

Rayleigh reflection coefficients and bottom losses of compressional waves at normal incidence on the water‐sediment interface are computed with values of density and velocity measured in sea‐floor sediment samples; main sediment types in three major environments of the Pacific and adjacent areas are included. Some typical average computed values of acoustic bottom loss at normal incidence in db are (1) continental shelf: sands, 8; silty sand, 10; sandy silt, 14; silty clay, 16; (2) abyssal plain: clayey silt, 17; silty clay and clay, 21; and (3) abyssal hill: silty clay and clay, 17. Comparisons with actual measurements at sea by several investigators demonstrate the validity of the approach.

scholarly journals Study of Deep-Ocean Ferromanganese Crusts Ore Components

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla A. Novakova ◽  
Dmitrii S. Novikov
Keyword(s):  
Lower Layer ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Ferromanganese Crust ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Ferromanganese Crusts ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Bacterial Mats ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Mn Oxides ◽  
Crystallization Degree

A complex layer-by-layer morphology and phase analysis of a ferromanganese crust aged about 70 million years, extracted from the rise of the Magellan Mountains of the Pacific Ocean, was carried out using several physics methods: digital optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with high resolution, X-ray fluorescence and diffraction analysis and Mossbauer spectroscopy. This analysis showed that the crust is an association of several minerals with various dispersion and crystallization degree, between which fossilized bacterial mats with Fe- and Mn- oxides are located. These phenomena indicate the biogenic nature of the crust. Changes in the crusts phase composition from the lower layer to the upper layer indicate changes in the external environmental conditions during their formation.

Icelandia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Foulger ◽  
Laurent Gernigon ◽  
Laurent Geoffroy
Keyword(s):  
Continental Crust ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Ne Atlantic ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Passive Margins ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Ne Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Sea Floor Spreading ◽  
North And South

<p>The NE Atlantic formed by complex, piecemeal breakup of Pangea in an environment of structural complexity. North of the present-day latitude of Iceland the ocean opened by southward propagation of the Aegir ridge. South of the present-day latitude of Iceland breakup occurred along the proto-Reykjanes ridge which formed laterally offset by ~ 100 km from the Aegir ridge to the north. Neither of these new breakup axes were able to propagate across the east-westerly striking Caledonian frontal thrust region which formed a strong barrier ~ 400 km wide. As a result, while sea-floor spreading widened the NE Atlantic, the Caledonian front region could only keep pace by diffuse stretching of the continental crust, which formed the aseismic Greenland-Iceland-Faroe ridge. The magmatic rate there was similar to that of the ridges to the north and south and so the stretched continental crust is now blanketed by thick mafic flows and intrusions. The NE Atlantic also contains a magma-inflated microcontinent – the Jan Mayen Microplate Complex, and an unknown but probably large amount of stretched continental crust blanketed by seaward-dipping reflectors in the passive margins of Norway and Greenland. The NE Atlantic thus contains voluminous continental crust in diverse forms and settings. If even a small portion of the sunken continental material contiguous with the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe ridge is included the area exceeds a million square kilometers, an arbitrary threshold suggested to designate a sunken continent. We have called this region Icelandia. The conditions and processes that funneled large quantities of continental crust into the NE Atlantic ocean are common elsewhere. This includes much of the North and South Atlantic oceans including both the seaboards and the deep oceans. Nor are such processes and outcomes confined to oceans bordered by passive margins. They are also found around the Pacific rims where subduction is in progress. Indeed, these conditions and processes likely are generic to essentially all the world's oceans and are potentially also informed by observations from intracontinental extensional regions and land-locked seas.</p>

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