In situ aircraft measurements of enhanced levels of N2O associated with thunderstorm lightning

Nature ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 303 (5915) ◽  
pp. 312-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel S. Levine ◽  
Edwin F. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Aircraft Measurements

scholarly journals Aircraft measurements of gravity waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during the START08 field experiment

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (13) ◽  
pp. 7667-7684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuqing Zhang ◽  
Junhong Wei ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
K. P. Bowman ◽  
L. L. Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Shear Instability ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. This study analyzes in situ airborne measurements from the 2008 Stratosphere–Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport (START08) experiment to characterize gravity waves in the extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (ExUTLS). The focus is on the second research flight (RF02), which took place on 21–22 April 2008. This was the first airborne mission dedicated to probing gravity waves associated with strong upper-tropospheric jet–front systems. Based on spectral and wavelet analyses of the in situ observations, along with a diagnosis of the polarization relationships, clear signals of mesoscale variations with wavelengths ~ 50–500 km are found in almost every segment of the 8 h flight, which took place mostly in the lower stratosphere. The aircraft sampled a wide range of background conditions including the region near the jet core, the jet exit and over the Rocky Mountains with clear evidence of vertically propagating gravity waves of along-track wavelength between 100 and 120 km. The power spectra of the horizontal velocity components and potential temperature for the scale approximately between ~ 8 and ~ 256 km display an approximate −5/3 power law in agreement with past studies on aircraft measurements, while the fluctuations roll over to a −3 power law for the scale approximately between ~ 0.5 and ~ 8 km (except when this part of the spectrum is activated, as recorded clearly by one of the flight segments). However, at least part of the high-frequency signals with sampled periods of ~ 20–~ 60 s and wavelengths of ~ 5–~ 15 km might be due to intrinsic observational errors in the aircraft measurements, even though the possibilities that these fluctuations may be due to other physical phenomena (e.g., nonlinear dynamics, shear instability and/or turbulence) cannot be completely ruled out.

Real-time estimation of atmospheric turbulence severity from in-situ aircraft measurements

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry B. Cornman ◽  
Corinne S. Morse ◽  
Gary Cunning
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Atmospheric Turbulence ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Real Time Estimation

scholarly journals Characterization of Aura TES carbonyl sulfide retrievals over ocean

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kuai ◽  
J. Worden ◽  
S. S. Kulawik ◽  
S. A. Montzka ◽  
J. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Mauna Loa ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Peak Sensitivity

Abstract. We present a description of the NASA Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) carbonyl sulfide (OCS) retrieval algorithm for oceanic observations, along with evaluation of the biases and uncertainties using aircraft profiles from the HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations) campaign and data from the NOAA Mauna Loa site. In general, the OCS retrievals (1) have less than 1.0 degree of freedom for signals (DOFs), (2) are sensitive in the mid-troposphere with a peak sensitivity typically between 300 and 500 hPa, (3) but have much smaller systematic errors from temperature, CO2 and H2O calibrations relative to random errors from measurement noise. We estimate the monthly means from TES measurements averaged over multiple years so that random errors are reduced and useful information about OCS seasonal and latitudinal variability can be derived. With this averaging, TES OCS data are found to be consistent (within the calculated uncertainties) with NOAA ground observations and HIPPO aircraft measurements. TES OCS data also captures the seasonal and latitudinal variations observed by these in situ data.

scholarly journals Characterization of aura tropospheric emissions spectrometer carbonyl sulfide retrievals

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 6975-7003
Author(s):  
L. Kuai ◽  
J. Worden ◽  
S. S. Kulawik ◽  
S. A. Montzka ◽  
J. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Mauna Loa ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Peak Sensitivity

Abstract. We present a description of the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) carbonyl sulfide (OCS) retrieval algorithm, along with evaluation of the biases and uncertainties against aircraft profiles from the HIPPO campaign and data from the NOAA Mauna Loa site. In general, the OCS retrievals (1) have less than 1.0 degree of freedom for signals (DOFs), (2) are sensitive in the mid-troposphere with a peak sensitivity typically between 300 to 500 hPa, (3) but have much smaller systematic errors from temperature, CO2 and H2O calibrations relative to random errors from measurement noise. Here we estimate the monthly means from TES measurements averaged over multiple years so that random errors are reduced and useful information about OCS seasonal and latitudinal variability can be derived. With this averaging, TES OCS data are found to be consistent (within the calculated uncertainties) with NOAA ground observations and HIPPO aircraft measurements. TES OCS data also captures the seasonal and latitudinal variations observed by these in situ data.

scholarly journals Multi-wavelength Raman lidar, sunphotometric and aircraft measurements in combination with inversion models for the estimation of the aerosol optical and physico-chemical properties over Athens, Greece

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 589-625
Author(s):  
R. E. Mamouri ◽  
A. Papayannis ◽  
V. Amiridis ◽  
D. Müller ◽  
P. Kokkalis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Raman Lidar ◽  
Lidar System ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Microphysical Properties ◽  
Multi Wavelength

Abstract. A novel procedure has been developed to retrieve, simultaneously, the optical, microphysical and chemical properties of tropospheric aerosols with a multi-wavelength Raman lidar system in the troposphere over an urban site (Athens, Greece: 37.9° N, 23.6° E, 200 m a.s.l.) using data obtained during the European Space Agency (ESA) THERMOPOLIS project which took place between 15–31 July 2009 over the Greater Athens Area (GAA). We selected to apply our procedure for a case study of intense aerosol layers occurred on 20–21 July 2009. The National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) EOLE 6-wavelength Raman lidar system has been used to provide the vertical profiles of the optical properties of aerosols (extinction and backscatter coefficients, lidar ratio) and the water vapor mixing ratio. An inversion algorithm was used to derive the mean aerosol microphysical properties (mean effective radius – reff), single-scattering albedo (ω) and mean complex refractive index (m) at selected heights in the 2–3 km height region. We found that reff was 0.3–0.4 μm, ω at 532 nm ranged from 0.63 to 0.88 and m ranged from 1.45 + 0.015i to 1.56 + 0.05i, in good accordance with in situ aircraft measurements. The final data set of the aerosol microphysical properties along with the water vapor and temperature profiles were incorporated into the ISORROPIA model to infer an in situ aerosol composition consistent with the retrieved m and ω values. The retrieved aerosol chemical composition in the 2–3 km height region gave a variable range of sulfate (0–60%) and organic carbon (OC) content (0–50%), although the OC content increased (up to 50%) and the sulfate content dropped (up to 30%) around 3 km height; in connection with the retrieved low ω value (0.63), indicates the presence of absorbing biomass burning smoke mixed with urban haze. Finally, the retrieved aerosol microphysical properties were compared with column-integrated sunphotometer data.

Vertical distributions of aerosols under different weather conditions: Analysis of in-situ aircraft measurements in Beijing, China

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (34) ◽  
pp. 5526-5535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
XinCheng Ma ◽  
Xuexi Tie ◽  
Mengyu Huang ◽  
Chunsheng Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
Beijing China

scholarly journals Retrieval of effective aerosol diameter from satellite observations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humaid Al Badi ◽  
John Boland ◽  
David Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Infrared Band ◽  
Brightness Temperatures ◽  
Aerosol Particle Size ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Modelling And Forecasting

Abstract. Dust aerosol particle size plays a crucial role in determining dust cycle in the atmosphere and the extent of its impact on the other atmospheric parameters. The in-situ measurements of dust particle size are very costly, spatially sparse and time-consuming. This paper presents an algorithm to retrieve effective dust diameter using infrared band brightness temperature from SEVIRI (the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfaRed Imager) on the Meteosat satellite. An empirical model was constructed that directly relates differences in brightness temperatures of 8.7, 10.8 and 12.0 μm bands to effective dust diameter using the Mie extinction efficiency factor. Three case studies are used to test the model. The results showed consistency between the model and in-situ aircraft measurements. A severe dust storm over the Middle-East is presented to demonstrate the use of the model. This algorithm is expected to contribute to filling the gap created by the discrepancies between the current size distributions retrieval techniques and aircraft measurements. Potential applications include enhancing the accuracy of atmospheric modelling and forecasting horizontal visibility and solar energy system performance over regions affected by dust storms.

scholarly journals Observation of absorbing aerosols above clouds over the south-east Atlantic Ocean from the geostationary satellite SEVIRI – Part 2: Comparison with MODIS and aircraft measurements from the CLARIFY-2017 field campaign

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 3235-3254
Author(s):  
Fanny Peers ◽  
Peter Francis ◽  
Steven J. Abel ◽  
Paul A. Barrett ◽  
Keith N. Bower ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Optical Thickness ◽  
Atmospheric Correction ◽  
Cloud Droplet ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
East Atlantic ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Cloud Properties

Abstract. To evaluate the SEVIRI retrieval for aerosols above clouds presented in Part 1 of the companion paper, the algorithm is applied over the south-east Atlantic Ocean during the CLARIFY-2017 field campaign period. The first step of our analysis compares the retrieved aerosol and cloud properties against equivalent products from the MODIS MOD06ACAERO retrieval (Meyer et al., 2015). While the correlation between the two satellite retrievals of the above-cloud aerosol optical thickness (AOT) is good (R = 0.78), the AOT retrieved by SEVIRI is 20.3 % smaller than that obtained from the MODIS retrieval. This difference in AOT is attributed mainly to the more absorbing aerosol model assumed for the SEVIRI retrieval compared to MODIS. The underlying cloud optical thickness (COT) derived from the two satellites is in good agreement (R = 0.90). The cloud droplet effective radius (CER) retrieved by SEVIRI is consistently smaller than MODIS by 2.2 µm, which is mainly caused by the use of different spectral bands of the satellite instruments. In the second part of our analysis, we compare the forecast water vapour profiles used for the SEVIRI atmospheric correction as well as the aforementioned aerosol and cloud products with in situ measurements made from the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) aircraft platform during the CLARIFY-2017 campaign. Around Ascension Island, the column water vapour used to correct the SEVIRI signal is overestimated by 3.1 mm in the forecast compared to that measured by dropsondes. However, the evidence suggests that the accuracy of the atmospheric correction improves closer to the African coast. Consistency is observed between the SEVIRI above-cloud AOT and in situ measurements (from cavity ring-down spectroscopy instruments) when the measured single-scattering albedo is close to that assumed in the retrieval algorithm. On the other hand, the satellite retrieval overestimates the AOT when the assumed aerosol model is not absorbing enough. Consistency is also found between the cloud properties retrieved by SEVIRI and the CER measured by a cloud droplet probe and the liquid water path derived from a microwave radiometer. Despite the instrumental limitations of the geostationary satellite, the consistency obtained between SEVIRI, MODIS and the aircraft measurements demonstrates the ability of the retrieval in providing additional information on the temporal evolution of the aerosol properties above clouds.

Emissions from the Canadian oil sands:  Merging aircraft and satellite observations to derive emissions of pollutants co-emitted with NOx

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Moser ◽  
Debora Griffin ◽  
Sumi Wren ◽  
Chris McLinden ◽  
John Liggio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Sands ◽  
Emission Rate ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Athabasca Oil Sands Region

<p>The Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in Alberta, Canada is one of the largest sources of extractable oil in the world. To better understand its impact, Environment and Climate Change Canada led two intensive measurement campaigns, in 2013 (August to September) and 2018 (April to July).  Each included airborne measurements in which dozens of species were measured using a variety of in situ instruments. In this presentation, a method is described in which these aircraft measurements were examined to find species that were well correlated with NO<sub>x</sub> (the sum of NO and NO<sub>2</sub>) in order to derive their annual emissions. The species found to have a good correlation with NO<sub>x</sub> were black carbon, CO, HCN, HONO, CH<sub>4</sub>, and SO<sub>2</sub>. The annual emissions were found by applying individual species to NO<sub>x</sub> ratios to the satellite-derived NO<sub>x </sub>emissions from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). The emissions derived in this way were compared with emissions reported to the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI), as well as emissions derived from the aircraft measurements using the Top-down Emission Rate Retrieval Algorithm (TERRA). Additionally, Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO<sub>x</sub> emissions were used to estimate historical changes in species emissions over time, between 2005 and 2020.</p>

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