Growth rate and longevity in Drosophila melanogaster and Tribolium castaneum

Nature ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 266 (5603) ◽  
pp. 624-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. LINTS ◽  
M. H. SOLIMAN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum

scholarly journals A homeostatic clock sets daughter centriole size in flies

2018 ◽  
Vol 217 (4) ◽  
pp. 1233-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa G. Aydogan ◽  
Alan Wainman ◽  
Saroj Saurya ◽  
Thomas L. Steinacker ◽  
Anna Caballe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Linear Rate ◽  
Mother Centriole ◽  
Daughter Centriole ◽  
Correct Size

Centrioles are highly structured organelles whose size is remarkably consistent within any given cell type. New centrioles are born when Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4) recruits Ana2/STIL and Sas-6 to the side of an existing “mother” centriole. These two proteins then assemble into a cartwheel, which grows outwards to form the structural core of a new daughter. Here, we show that in early Drosophila melanogaster embryos, daughter centrioles grow at a linear rate during early S-phase and abruptly stop growing when they reach their correct size in mid- to late S-phase. Unexpectedly, the cartwheel grows from its proximal end, and Plk4 determines both the rate and period of centriole growth: the more active the centriolar Plk4, the faster centrioles grow, but the faster centriolar Plk4 is inactivated and growth ceases. Thus, Plk4 functions as a homeostatic clock, establishing an inverse relationship between growth rate and period to ensure that daughter centrioles grow to the correct size.

The Short antennae gene of Tribolium is required for limb development and encodes the orthologue of the Drosophila Distal-less protein

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Beermann ◽  
D.G. Jay ◽  
R.W. Beeman ◽  
M. Hulskamp ◽  
D. Tautz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Mapping ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Distal Limb ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
Young Embryo ◽  
Evolutionary Changes

Insects bear a stereotyped set of limbs, or ventral body appendages. In the highly derived dipteran Drosophila melanogaster, the homeodomain transcription factor encoded by the Distal-less (Dll) gene plays a major role in establishing distal limb structures. We have isolated the Dll orthologue (TcDll) from the beetle Tribolium castaneum, which, unlike Drosophila, develops well-formed limbs during embryogenesis. TcDll is initially expressed at the sites of limb primordia formation in the young embryo and subsequently in the distal region of developing legs, antennae and mouthparts except the mandibles. Mutations in the Short antennae (Sa) gene of Tribolium delete distal limb structures, closely resembling the Dll phenotype in Drosophila. TcDll expression is severely reduced or absent in strong Sa alleles. Genetic mapping and molecular analysis of Sa alleles also support the conclusion that TcDll corresponds to the Sa gene. Our data indicate functional conservation of the Dll gene in evolutionarily distant insect species. Implications for evolutionary changes in limb development are discussed.

scholarly journals Evolution of reduced pre-adult viability and larval growth rate in laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for shorter development time

2000 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. PRASAD ◽  
MALLIKARJUN SHAKARAD ◽  
VISHAL M. GOHIL ◽  
V. SHEEBA ◽  
M. RAJAMANI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Larval Growth Rate ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Faster Development

Four large (n > 1000) populations of Drosophila melanogaster, derived from control populations maintained on a 3 week discrete generation cycle, were subjected to selection for fast development and early reproduction. Egg to eclosion survivorship and development time and dry weight at eclosion were monitored every 10 generations. Over 70 generations of selection, development time in the selected populations decreased by approximately 36 h relative to controls, a 20% decline. The difference in male and female development time was also reduced in the selected populations. Flies from the selected populations were increasingly lighter at eclosion than controls, with the reduction in dry weight at eclosion over 70 generations of selection being approximately 45% in males and 39% in females. Larval growth rate (dry weight at eclosion/development time) was also reduced in the selected lines over 70 generations, relative to controls, by approximately 32% in males and 24% in females. However, part of this relative reduction was due to an increase in growth rate of the controls populations, presumably an expression of adaptation to conditions in our laboratory. After 50 generations of selection had elapsed, a considerable and increasing pre- adult viability cost to faster development became apparent, with viability in the selected populations being about 22% less than that of controls at generation 70 of selection.

scholarly journals Atypical centrioles are present in Tribolium sperm

Open Biology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 160334 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Fishman ◽  
Kyoung Jo ◽  
Andrew Ha ◽  
Rachel Royfman ◽  
Ashtyn Zinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Normal Cell ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Red Flour Beetle ◽  
Flour Beetle ◽  
And Function

Typical centrioles are made of microtubules organized in ninefold symmetry. Most animal somatic cells have two centrioles for normal cell division and function. These centrioles originate from the zygote, but because the oocyte does not provide any centrioles, it is surprising that the zygotes of many animals are thought to inherit only one centriole from the sperm. Recently, in the sperm of Drosophila melanogaster , we discovered a second centriolar structure, the proximal centriole-like structure (PCL), which functions in the zygote. Whether the sperm of other insects has a second centriolar structure is unknown. Here, we characterized spermiogenesis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum . Electron microscopy suggests that Tribolium has one microtubule-based centriole at the tip of the axoneme and a structure similar to the PCL, which lacks microtubules and lies in a cytoplasmic invagination of the nucleus. Immunostaining against the orthologue of the centriole/PCL protein, Ana1, also recognizes two centrioles near the nucleus during spermiogenesis: one that is microtubule-based at the tip of the axoneme, suggesting it is the centriole; and another that is more proximal and appears during early spermiogenesis, suggesting it is the PCL. Together, these findings suggest that Tribolium sperm has one microtubule-based centriole and one microtubule-lacking centriole.

scholarly journals Estudios moleculares de la resistencia a insecticidas en triatominos

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ivana Samanta Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Triatoma Infestans ◽  
Knockdown Resistance ◽  
Gran Chaco ◽  
Expresión Génica ◽  
Vector Base

Según datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la enfermedad de Chagas es una de las principales enfermedades desatendidas del subcontinente latinoamericano. El agente causante es el parásito protozoario Tripanosoma cruzi, transmitido a humanos por insectos triatominos de distintas especies. Debido a la ausencia de vacunas y tratamientos efectivos para la etapa crónica de la enfermedad, el control del vector sigue siendo el medio elegido para reducir el riesgo de transmisión. Después de casi 30 años de tratamiento con insecticidas piretroides, han emergido poblaciones de Triatoma infestans con altísimos niveles de resistencia, asociadas a fallas en las campañas de control, lo que plantea la necesidad de programas para el manejo de resistencia a nivel regional. Un requerimiento fundamental para ello es la detección temprana de la dispersión de poblaciones e individuos resistentes, así como del surgimiento de nuevos focos. Los piretroides ejercen su acción insecticida modificando el funcionamiento fisiológico de canales proteicos de Na+ dependientes de voltaje (NaV), presentes en la membrana de células excitables. Se conoce como kdr (knockdown resistance) a la reducción en la sensibilidad a piretroides causada por mutaciones puntuales en el gen NaV. El mecanismo de resistencia tipo kdr ha sido descrito en numerosas especies de insectos de interés económico y sanitario. La gran mayoría de las mutaciones correlacionadas con resistencia a piretroides se encuentra en el dominio II de esta proteína. El diseño de ensayos moleculares para detección de mutaciones asociadas a resistencia habilita la detección temprana de dispersión y surgimiento de nuevos focos, al permitir detectar la presencia de dichas mutaciones en insectos individuales, cuando la frecuencia poblacional de las mismas aún es baja. La detección temprana no puede conseguirse con ensayos de toxicidad, que detectan resistencia a nivel poblacional y no individual. En este sentido, en la primera parte de esta Tesis se realizó una evaluación de la sensibilidad y una optimización de los métodos moleculares de detección de mutaciones asociadas a resistencia, seguida de un estudio de la presencia de mutaciones para la región IIS4-IIS6 del gen del canal TiNav presentes en distintas poblaciones de T. infestans resistentes a piretroides provenientes de la ecoregión del Gran Chaco. Por otro lado, a través de una secuencia de TiNav detectada en una base de datos transcriptómica depositada en vector base (https://www.vectorbase.org/), complementada con el clonado y pirosecuenciación de regiones concretas del gen, se obtuvo la secuencia nucleotídica completa del mismo, y se realizó una caracterización bioinformática de la secuencia aminoacídica. Los resultados de esta parte del trabajo podrían tener aplicabilidad en el manejo de resistencia dentro de las campañas de control primario de Chagas. Durante el transcurso de la primera parte de la Tesis hemos encontrado que, aunque las mutaciones en el gen TiNav parecen ser la principal causa de resistencia a piretroides en T. infestans provenientes del Gran Chaco, no toda la resistencia es explicable por estos polimorfismos; distintas poblaciones con la misma frecuencia en una mutación kdr presentaron tasas de resistencia muy variables. Esto puede indicar que existen otros mecanismos de resistencia potencialmente involucrados en el fenómeno, tales como procesos de detoxificación y cambios en la penetrancia cuticular. En la segunda parte de esta Tesis, se realizó un estudio comparativo de la expresión diferentes enzimas detoxificativas entre una población sensible y una resistente de T. infestans provenientes del Gran Chaco. También se estudió la expresión génica en una población sensible expuesta a deltametrina, a fin de estudiar su posible papel en la respuesta detoxificativa a insecticidas piretroides, y posiblemente en la resistencia. Los experimentos mostraron una sobreexpresión de un citocromo P450 del clado 4 en la población resistente de T. infestans del Gran Chaco. No detectamos cambios en la expresión de las enzimas estudiadas cinco horas después de una topicación con deltametrina. Se estudió el rol de una Glutatión Transferasa del clado Delta (deltaGST) en la detoxificación de deltametrina. Se realizaron estudios bioinformáticos y de fisiología molecular usando como modelo Rhodnius prolixus. Se registró un aumento en la letalidad causada por dosis bajas de deltametrina cuando la expresión del gen de gst delta fue disminuida significativamente con técnicas de ARN de interferencia. La llamativa conservación en la estructura, función y farmacología del canal de sodio dependiente de voltaje a través del reino animal, genera que aquellos insecticidas que tengan como blanco esta molécula posean también una toxicidad potencial para otras especies. En este sentido, y teniendo en cuenta que las moléculas del sistema neuroendocrino (neuropéptidos y sus receptores) han sido propuestos como blanco de insecticidas, en el Capítulo 3 se estudió la expresión diferencial de genes precursores de diferentes neuropéptidos entre una población de T. infestans sensible a piretroides y otra resistente, a fin de obtener indicios de su posible papel en procesos asociados a resistencia. Por otra parte, se comparó el efecto de deltametrina en la inducción de la expresión de genes precursores de neuropéptidos en una población susceptible de T. infestans. En el Capítulo 4, a partir de secuencias ortólogas en Anopheles gambiae, Apis mellifera, Bombyx mori, Drosophila melanogaster y Tribolium castaneum, se identificaron genes de receptores de neuropéptidos en transcriptomas de T. infestans, Triatoma dimidiata y Triatoma pallidipennis generados en nuestro laboratorio, así como en el genoma de R. prolixus, por medio de búsquedas en bases de datos y análisis filogenéticos. Se espera que esta última parte del trabajo de Tesis aporte conocimientos para ampliar los horizontes en la investigación de posibles nuevos blancos de insecticidas, que sean capaces de reemplazar o complementar a los neurotóxicos dentro de estrategias de manejo integrado de plagas.

scholarly journals Correlated responses to selection on body size in Drosophila melanogaster

1999 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINDA PARTRIDGE ◽  
ROSALIE LANGELAN ◽  
KEVIN FOWLER ◽  
BAS ZWAAN ◽  
VERNON FRENCH
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Correlated Responses ◽  
Larval Weight ◽  
Thorax Length ◽  
Selection For

Correlated responses to artificial selection on body size in Drosophila melanogaster were investigated, to determine how the changes in size were produced during development. Selection for increased thorax length was associated with an increase in larval development time, an extended growth period, no change in growth rate, and an increased critical larval weight for pupariation. Selection for reduced thorax length was associated with reduced growth rate, no change in duration of larval development and a reduced critical larval weight for pupariation. In both lines selected for thorax length and lines selected for wing area, total body size changed in the same direction as the artificially selected trait. In large selection lines of both types, the increase in size was achieved almost entirely by an increase in cell number, while in the small lines the decrease in size was achieved predominantly by reduced cell size, and also by a reduction in cell number. The implications of the results for evolutionary-genetic change in body size in nature are discussed.

DETRITUS AS A FACTOR INFLUENCING POPULATION GROWTH RATES OF THREE TENEBRIONID BEETLES IN STORED CORN

1989 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard T. Arbogast
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Prime Factor ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
Insect Activity

Experiments showed that changes in population growth rate due to detritus produced by insect activity in stored grain varies with species and is a prime factor determining ecological succession of secondary grain pests. Cynaeus angustus (LeConte), Latheticus oryzae Waterhouse, and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were reared on a 1:1 mixture of whole and cracked corn. On this diet, T. castaneum showed the highest rate of population growth and L. oryzae the lowest. Population growth of T. castaneum and L. oryzae was stimulated by adding fine dust (collected from infested corn) or dead moths to the diet, and this effect was much greater in L. oryzae than in T. castaneum. Population growth of C. angustus (as indicated by number of adults) was not affected by supplementation of the diet, but larger larval populations were produced on supplemented corn. The results are related to previously reported observations of succession in stored corn.

scholarly journals Zelda and the evolution of insect metamorphosis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alba Ventos-Alfonso ◽  
Guillem Ylla ◽  
Xavier Belles
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Blattella Germanica ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Early Embryogenesis ◽  
Red Flour Beetle ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Late Embryogenesis ◽  
Maternal To Zygotic Transition ◽  
Zygotic Genome

AbstractIn the Endopterygote Drosophila melanogaster, Zelda is a key activator of the zygotic genome during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). Zelda binds cis-regulatory elements (TAGteam heptamers), and makes chromatin accessible for gene transcription. Recently, Zelda has been studied in two other Endopterygotes: Apis mellifera and Tribolium castaneum, and the Paraneopteran Rhodnius prolixus. We have studied Zelda in the cockroach Blattella germanica, a hemimetabolan, short germ-band, and Polyneopteran species. Zelda protein of B. germanica has the complete set of functional domains, which is typical of lower insects. The TAGteam heptamers of D. melanogaster have been found in the B. germanica genome, and the canonical one, CAGGTAG, is present at a similar relative number in the genome of these two species and in the genome of other insects, suggesting that, although within certain evolutionary constraints, the genome admits as many CAGGTAG motifs as its length allows. Zelda-depleted embryos of B. germanica show defects involving the blastoderm formation and the abdomen development and have genes contributing to these processes down-regulated. We conclude that in B. germanica Zelda strictly activates the zygotic genome, within the MZT, a role conserved in more derived Endopterygote insects. In B. germanica, Zelda is expressed during MZT, whereas in D. melanogaster and T. castaneum it is expressed well beyond this transition. Moreover, in these species and A. mellifera, Zelda has functions even in postembryonic development. The expansion of Zelda expression and functions beyond the MZT in holometabolan species might have been instrumental for the evolutionary transition from hemimetaboly to holometaboly. In particular, the expression of Zelda beyond the MZT during embryogenesis might have allowed building the morphologically divergent holometabolan larva.Author summaryIn early insect embryo development, the protein Zelda is a key activator of the zygotic genome during the maternal-to-zygotic transition. This has been thoroughly demonstrated in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, as well as in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, both species belonging to the most modified clade of endopterygote insects, showing complete (holometabolan) metamorphosis. In these species, Zelda is expressed and have functions in early embryogenesis, in late embryogenesis and in postembryonic stages. We have studied Zelda in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, which belong to the less modified clade of polyneopteran insects, showing an incomplete (hemimetabolan) metamorphosis. In B. germanica, Zelda is significantly expressed in early embryogenesis, being a key activator of the zygotic genome during the maternal-to-zygotic transition, as in the fruit fly and the red flour beetle. Nevertheless, Zelda is not significantly expressed, and presumably has no functions, in late embryogenesis and in postembryonic stages of the cockroach. The data suggest that the ancestral function of Zelda in insects with hemimetabolan metamorphosis was to activate the zygotic genome, a function circumscribed to early embryogenesis. The expansion of Zelda expression and functions to late embryogenesis and postembryonic stages might have been a key step in the evolutionary transition from hemimetaboly to holometaboly. In hemimetabolan species embryogenesis produces a nymph displaying the essential adult body structure. In contrast, embryogenesis of holometabolan species produces a larva that is morphologically very divergent from the adult. Expression of Zelda in late embryogenesis might have been a key step in the evolution from hemimetaboly to holometaboly, since it would have allowed the building the morphologically divergent holometabolan larva.

scholarly journals Visualizing Antineoplastic Activity with a Whole Organism Drosophila melanogaster Screen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince Nii Agbedanu ◽  
Tristan A. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Antineoplastic Activity ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Population Decrease ◽  
Screening Protocol ◽  
Dose Concentration ◽  
Developmental Therapeutics

Cancer is a disease characterized by high mitosis rates with a loss of regulation. Many antineoplastics, those drugs used to treat cancer, act by slowing or halting mitosis. We are developing a whole-organism screening protocol to identify novel antineoplastics. After exposing Drosophila melanogaster eggs and larva to a compound, their growth rate and population decrease if mitosis inhibition or arrest occur. We screened several compounds from the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP). Our screen successfully identified two compounds, toyocamycin and stictic acid, previously identified as possible antineoplastics. Toyocamycin killed a fraction of the population proportional to the dose concentration resulting in full mortality at 100 and 200 µM. At low doses, toyocamycin also slowed larval development by a mean of one day. RNAseq showed that no genes were differentially expressed in mature flies after toyocamycin exposure was halted. Stictic acid delayed larval growth by an equal or greater margin compared to toyocamycin. These results demonstrate that decreases in Drosophila growth or population can predict a compound’s antineoplastic activity and toxicity.

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