scholarly journals Alpine Fault of New Zealand and Gondwanaland reconstruction

Nature ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 252 (5485) ◽  
pp. 756-756
Author(s):  
DAVID J. CULLEN
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Alpine Fault

Determining hydrological and soil mechanical parameters from multichannel surface-wave analysis across the Alpine Fault at Inchbonnie, New Zealand

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. Konstantaki ◽  
S. Carpentier ◽  
F. Garofalo ◽  
P. Bergamo ◽  
L.V. Socco
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Surface Wave ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Wave Analysis ◽  
Alpine Fault

scholarly journals The fluid budget of a continental plate boundary fault: Quantification from the Alpine Fault, New Zealand

2016 ◽  
Vol 445 ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catriona D. Menzies ◽  
Damon A.H. Teagle ◽  
Samuel Niedermann ◽  
Simon C. Cox ◽  
Dave Craw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Boundary Fault ◽  
Continental Plate ◽  
Alpine Fault

Erosion rates of the New Zealand Southern Alps reflect long-term tectonics and transient climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duna Roda-Boluda ◽  
Taylor Schildgen ◽  
Hella Wittmann-Oelze ◽  
Stefanie Tofelde ◽  
Aaron Bufe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Tectonic Deformation ◽  
Seismic Cycle ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Alpine Fault ◽  
Oblique Convergence

<p>The Southern Alps of New Zealand are the expression of the oblique convergence between the Pacific and Australian plates, which move at a relative velocity of nearly 40 mm/yr. This convergence is accommodated by the range-bounding Alpine Fault, with a strike-slip component of ~30-40 mm/yr, and a shortening component normal to the fault of ~8-10 mm/yr. While strike-slip rates seem to be fairly constant along the Alpine Fault, throw rates appear to vary considerably, and whether the locus of maximum exhumation is located near the fault, at the main drainage divide, or part-way between, is still debated. These uncertainties stem from very limited data characterizing vertical deformation rates along and across the Southern Alps. Thermochronology has constrained the Southern Alps exhumation history since the Miocene, but Quaternary exhumation is hard to resolve precisely due to the very high exhumation rates. Likewise, GPS surveys estimate a vertical uplift of ~5 mm/yr, but integrate only over ~10 yr timescales and are restricted to one transect across the range.</p><p>To obtain insights into the Quaternary distribution and rates of exhumation of the western Southern Alps, we use new <sup>10</sup>Be catchment-averaged erosion rates from 20 catchments along the western side of the range. Catchment-averaged erosion rates span an order of magnitude, between ~0.8 and >10 mm/yr, but we find that erosion rates of >10 mm/yr, a value often quoted in the literature as representative for the entire range, are very localized. Moreover, erosion rates decrease sharply north of the intersection with the Marlborough Fault System, suggesting substantial slip partitioning. These <sup>10</sup>Be catchment-averaged erosion rates integrate, on average, over the last ~300 yrs. Considering that the last earthquake on the Alpine Fault was in 1717, these rates are representative of inter-seismic erosion. Lake sedimentation rates and coseismic landslide modelling suggest that long-term (~10<sup>3</sup> yrs) erosion rates over a full seismic cycle could be ~40% greater than our inter-seismic erosion rates. If we assume steady state topography, such a scaling of our <sup>10</sup>Be erosion rate estimates can be used to estimate rock uplift rates in the Southern Alps. Finally, we find that erosion, and hence potentially exhumation, does not seem to be localized at a particular distance from the fault, as some tectonic and provenance studies have suggested. Instead, we find that superimposed on the primary tectonic control, there is an elevation/temperature control on erosion rates, which is probably transient and related to frost-cracking and glacial retreat.</p><p>Our results highlight the potential for <sup>10</sup>Be catchment-averaged erosion rates to provide insights into the magnitude and distribution of tectonic deformation rates, and the limitations that arise from transient erosion controls related to the seismic cycle and climate-modulated surface processes.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Measuring Crustal Seismic Anisotropy through Shear Wave Splitting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kenny Graham
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Shear Wave ◽  
Seismic Anisotropy ◽  
Shear Wave Splitting ◽  
Anisotropic Structure ◽  
Crustal Anisotropy ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Alpine Fault ◽  
Wave Splitting

<p>This thesis involves the study of crustal seismic anisotropy through shear wave splitting. For the past three decades, shear wave splitting (SWS) measurements from crustal earthquakes have been utilized as a technique to characterize seismic anisotropic structures and to infer in situ crustal properties such as the state of the stress and fracture geometry and density. However, the potential of this technique is yet to be realized in part because measurements on local earthquakes are often controlled and/or affected by physical mechanisms and processes which lead to variations in measurements and make interpretation difficult. Many studies have suggested a variety of physical mechanisms that control and/or affect SWS measurements, but few studies have quantitatively tested these suggestions. This thesis seeks to fill this gap by investigating what controls crustal shear-wave splitting (SWS) measurements using empirical and numerical simulation approaches, with the ultimate aim of improving SWS interpretation. For our empirical approach, we used two case studies to investigate what physical processes control seismic anisotropy in the crust at different scales and tectonic settings. In the numerical simulation test, we simulate the propagation of seismic waves in a variety of scenarios.  We begin by measuring crustal anisotropy via SWS analysis around central New Zealand, where clusters of closely-spaced earthquakes have occurred. We used over 40,000 crustal earthquakes across 36 stations spanning close to 5.5 years between 2013 and 2018 to generate the largest catalog of high-quality SWS measurements (~102,000) around the Marlborough and Wellington region. The size of our SWS catalog allowed us to perform a detailed systematic analysis to investigate the processes that control crustal anisotropy and we also investigated the spatial and temporal variation of the anisotropic structure around the region. We observed a significant spatial variation of SWS measurements in Central New Zealand. We found that the crustal anisotropy around Central New Zealand is confined to the upper few kilometers of the crust, and is controlled by either one mechanism or a combination of more than one (such as structural, tectonic stresses, and gravitational stresses). The high correspondence between the orientation of the maximum horizontal compressive stress calculated from gravitational potential energy from topography and average fast polarization orientation around the Kaikōura region suggests that gravitationally induced stresses control the crustal anisotropy in the Kaikōura region. We suggest that examining the effect of gravitational stresses on crustal seismic anisotropy should not be neglected in future studies. We also observed no significant temporal changes in the state of anisotropy over the 5.5 year period despite the occurrence of significant seismicity.   For the second empirical study, we characterized the anisotropic structure of a fault approaching failure (the Alpine Fault of New Zealand). We performed detailed SWS analysis on local earthquakes that were recorded on a dense array of 159 three-component seismometers with inter-station spacing about 30 m around the Whataroa Valley, New Zealand. The SWS analysis of data from this dense deployment enabled us to map the spatial characteristics of the anisotropic structure and also to investigate the mechanisms that control anisotropy in the Whataroa valley in the vicinity of the Alpine Fault. We observed that the orientation of the fast direction is parallel to the strike of the Alpine Fault trace and the orientations of the regional and borehole foliation planes. We also observed that there was no significant spatial variation of the anisotropic structure as we move across the Alpine Fault trace from the hanging wall to the footwall. We inferred that the geological structures, such as the Alpine Fault fabric and foliations within the valley, are the main mechanisms that control the anisotropic structure in the Whataroa valley.    For our numerical simulation approach, we simulate waveforms propagating through an anisotropic media (using both 1-D and 3-D techniques). We simulate a variety of scenarios, to investigate how some of the suggested physical mechanisms affect SWS measurements. We considered (1) the effect on seismic waves caused by scatterers along the waves' propagation path, (2) the effect of the earthquake source mechanism, (3) the effect of incidence angle of the incoming shear wave. We observed that some of these mechanisms (such as the incidence angle of the incoming shear wave and scatterers) significantly affect SWS measurement while others such as earthquake source mechanisms have less effect on SWS measurements. We also observed that the effect of most of these physical mechanisms depends on the wavelength of the propagating shear wave relative to the size of the features. There is a significant effect on SWS measurements if the size of the physical mechanism (such as scatterers) is comparable to the wavelength of the incoming shear wave. With a larger wavelength, the wave treats the feature as a homogeneous medium.</p>

scholarly journals Frictional properties of exhumed fault gouges in DFDP-1 cores, Alpine Fault, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Boulton ◽  
D Moore ◽  
D Lockner ◽  
V Toy ◽  
John Townend ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
White Mica ◽  
Rate Dependence ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Alpine Fault ◽  
Negative Rate ◽  
Sample Depth ◽  
Fault Gouges ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Principal slip zone gouges recovered during the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP-1), Alpine Fault, New Zealand, were deformed in triaxial friction experiments at temperatures, T, of up to 350°C, effective normal stresses, σn′, of up to 156 MPa, and velocities between 0.01 and 3 μm/s. Chlorite/white mica-bearing DFDP-1A blue gouge, 90.62 m sample depth, is frictionally strong (friction coefficient, μ, 0.61-0.76) across all experimental conditions tested (T = 70-350°C, σn′ = 31.2-156 MPa); it undergoes a transition from positive to negative rate dependence as T increases past 210°C. The friction coefficient of smectite-bearing DFDP-1B brown gouge, 128.42 m sample depth, increases from 0.49 to 0.74 with increasing temperature and pressure (T = 70-210°C, σn′ = 31.2-93.6 MPa); the positive to negative rate dependence transition occurs as T increases past 140°C. These measurements indicate that, in the absence of elevated pore fluid pressures, DFDP-1 gouges are frictionally strong under conditions representative of the seismogenic crust.

Abrupt strike-slip fault to subduction transition: The Alpine Fault-Puysegur Trench connection, New Zealand

Tectonics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 688-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Frédéric Lebrun ◽  
Geoffroy Lamarche ◽  
Jean-Yves Collot ◽  
Jean Delteil
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Strike Slip Fault ◽  
Alpine Fault

scholarly journals Coseismic landsliding estimates for an Alpine Fault earthquake and the consequences for erosion of the Southern Alps, New Zealand

Geomorphology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 263 ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.R. Robinson ◽  
T.R.H. Davies ◽  
T.M. Wilson ◽  
C. Orchiston
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Alpine Fault

Highly localized upper mantle deformation during plate boundary initiation near the Alpine fault, New Zealand

Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Kidder ◽  
David J. Prior ◽  
James M. Scott ◽  
Hamid Soleymani ◽  
Yilun Shao
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Alpine Fault ◽  
Narrow Width ◽  
Plate Boundary Deformation ◽  
Boundary Deformation ◽  
Total Shear

Peridotite xenoliths entrained in magmas near the Alpine fault (New Zealand) provide the first direct evidence of deformation associated with the propagation of the Australian-Pacific plate boundary through the region at ca. 25–20 Ma. Two of 11 sampled xenolith localities contain fine-grained (40–150 mm) rocks, indicating that deformation in the upper mantle was focused in highly sheared zones. To constrain the nature and conditions of deformation, we combine a flow law with a model linking recrystallized fraction to strain. Temperatures calculated from this new approach (625–970 °C) indicate that the observed deformation occurred at depths of 25–50 km. Calculated shear strains were between 1 and 100, which, given known plate offset rates (10–20 mm/yr) and an estimated interval during which deformation likely occurred (&lt;1.8 m.y.), translate to a total shear zone width in the range 0.2–32 km. This narrow width and the position of mylonite-bearing localities amid mylonite-free sites suggest that early plate boundary deformation was distributed across at least ~60 km but localized in multiple fault strands. Such upper mantle deformation is best described by relatively rigid, plate-like domains separated by rapidly formed, narrow mylonite zones.

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