As a model for the development of paraneoplastic syndromes, we have studied the mechanism by which erythrocytes in the circulation of rats bearing intraperitoneal Yoshida ascites sarcoma acquire higher agglutinability with concanavalin A (Con A). The in vitro incubation of erythrocytes from normal animals with the cell-free ascites fluid or the plasma of tumour-bearing animals is able to confer an enhanced agglutinability on the cells. Fractionation of the ascites fluid has yielded three subfractions that are active in vitro. Two of these, occurring in small amounts, are a particulate fraction rich in plasma-membrane markers and a soluble fraction containing protein of molecular mass equal to or less than 50 kDa. These two are, however, unable to affect the agglutinability of erythrocytes in vivo, i.e. when injected intraperitoneally into normal rats. The third, and major, fraction consists of proteins of molecular mass equal to or greater than 680 kDa, and is able to modify the erythrocyte agglutinability in vivo. From this fraction, by using a combination of Con A affinity chromatography, gel filtration, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, an active protein has been purified to apparent homogeneity. It yields a subunit of 310 kDa in the presence of SDS and further breaks down into a polypeptide of 170 kDa when reduced with 2-mercaptoethanol. It has a pI of 5.35. The protein is rich in Glx, and appears to contain hybrid-type N-linked oligosaccharides. The protein is also present in the blood plasma of tumour-bearing, but not normal, rats. The radioiodinated protein binds to the erythrocyte surface adding about 7400 molecules/cell. The study unequivocally demonstrates that a protein from the tumour fluid can appear in the circulation, interact with host cells that are not in contact with the tumour and modify their properties.
IRF-1 reverts the transformed phenotype of oncogenically transformed cells in vitro and in vivo