Carbon Dioxide as an Attractant for Host-seeking Cephenemyia Females (Diptera: Oestridae)

Nature ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 220 (5163) ◽  
pp. 190-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN R. ANDERSON ◽  
WILLIAM OLKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Host Seeking

scholarly journals Semifield Evaluation of Improved Passive Outdoor Host Seeking Device (POHD) for Outdoor Control of Anopheles arabiensis Mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Stella T. Kessy ◽  
Bruno A. Nyundo ◽  
Ladslaus L. Mnyone ◽  
Issa N. Lyimo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anopheles Arabiensis ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Outdoor Biting ◽  
Control Devices

Despite the considerable progress made so far, the effectiveness and mass application of odour-baited outdoor mosquito control devices in pipelines is limited by several factors. These include the design and size of the devices, optimal placement of attractive blends, and nature of materials into which the blends are impregnated. The primary aim of this study was to manipulate these factors to improve the attractiveness of our recently developed passive outdoor host seeking device (POHD) to outdoor biting Anopheles arabiensis. Specifically, the study aimed to determine optimal placement of odour blends and killing bioactives in POHD for maximum attraction and killing of An. arabiensis and to assess the effects of blend types, formulation, and residual activity on attractiveness of the POHD to An. arabiensis. The POHDs baited with attractive blends, carbon dioxide (CO2), and bendiocarb-treated electrostatic netting were placed either towards the top or bottom openings, and other modifications were exposed to An. arabiensis under the semifield system at Ifakara Health Institute (IHI). Each night, a total of 100 starved female, 3–7-day-old, semifield reared An. arabiensis mosquitoes were released, collected the next morning (alive or dead), counted, and recorded. Live mosquitoes were maintained in the semifield insectary and monitored for 24 hours mortality. Each treatment combination of the POHD was tested in three replicates. Overall, the results indicated that the proportion of mosquitoes attracted to and killed in the POHD varied with position of attractants and killing agent (bendiocarb). The POHD with bottom placed attractants and bendiocarb attracted and killed higher proportion of mosquitoes compared to the POHD with top placed attractants and bendiocarb. The highest mortalities were observed when the POHD was baited with a combination of attractive blends and CO2. Moreover, the residual activity of attractive blends applied inside POHD varied with type and formulation of attractive blend. The POHD packed with Mbita and Ifakara blend in microencapsulated pellets (granules) attracted higher proportion of mosquitoes than that baited with soaked nylon-strip formulation of either blends. Interestingly, POHD baited with Mbita blend in microencapsulated pellets (granules) formulation attracted and killed higher proportion of mosquitoes (>90%) than that baited with Ifakara blend even 9 months after application. Conclusively, the POHD remained effective for a relatively longer period of time when baited with bottom placed synthetic blends and CO2 combination, thus warranting further trials under real life situations.

scholarly journals Effect of different carbon dioxide (CO2) flows on trapping Aedes albopictus with BG traps in the field in Zhejiang Province, China

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243061
Author(s):  
Yuyan Wu ◽  
Jinna Wang ◽  
Tianqi Li ◽  
Qinmei Liu ◽  
Zhenyu Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mosquito Monitoring

Carbon dioxide (CO2) attracts host-seeking adult mosquitoes; this fact is exploited for mosquito monitoring, which is important for evaluating the effects of mosquito-control operations. A field experiment was designed to explore the relationship between the CO2 flow rate and the trapping effect of BG traps. The aim was to select an appropriate flow rate for monitoring Aedes albopictus. Six sampling sites were selected for field experiments in Hangzhou city, Zhejiang Province, China. A total of six CO2 flow rates (0.00 L/min, 0.075 L/min, 0.15 L/min, 0.30 L/min, 0.60 L/min and 1.20 L/min) were tested to compare their effects on mosquito trapping. The catches were performed in six trapping periods between 15:30 and 18:30, and each catch period lasted 0.5 h. A total of 3068 adult mosquitoes were captured at six sampling sites in six days using BG traps (with BG-Sweetscent), among which 86.96% were Ae. albopictus. The total number of Ae. albopictus (males and females) captured at a flow rate of 0.00 L/min was significantly lower than the numbers captured at 0.075 L/min, 0.15 L/min, 0.30 L/min, 0.60 L/min and 1.20 L/min (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, and P<0.001 respectively). The total number of Ae. albopictus captured and the number of Ae. albopictus females captured increased with increasing CO2 flow and peaked at 0.3 L/min, above which these capture numbers did not increase significantly. In conclusion, the appropriate CO2 flow rate for monitoring Ae. albopictus with BG traps was 0.3 L/min.

The role of carbon dioxide in host-finding by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): a review

1980 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Gillies
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Moist Convection ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Optomotor Anemotaxis

AbstractFrom a critical review of the literature, it is concluded that the role of carbon dioxide in host-seeking by mosquitoes comprises two distinct actions. Firstly, it acts as an ‘attractant’, orientation towards the host being mediated by kinesis and optomotor anemotaxis. When tested in the absence of moving air currents, orientation to the source is not possible and only the kinetic or ‘activating’ effect is manifested. Moreover, in the absence of other host factors, sustained flight takes place only in response to intermittent pulses of carbon dioxide; this response is not elicited in uniformly permeated airstreams. Secondly, carbon dioxide has a combined action with warm moist convection currents at close range and with odour factors at a distance from the host.

scholarly journals Passive Outdoor Host Seeking Device (POHD): Designing and Evaluation against Outdoor Biting Malaria Vectors

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Stella T. Kessy ◽  
Ladslaus L. Mnyone ◽  
Bruno A. Nyundo ◽  
Issa N. Lyimo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Release Formulation ◽  
Experimental Hut ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Outdoor Biting ◽  
Residual Malaria Transmission

Odor-baited devices are increasingly needed to compliment long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) for control of residual malaria transmission. However, the odor-baited devices developed so far are bulky, dependent on the source of electricity and carbon dioxide (CO2), and they are logistically unsuitable for scaling up in surveillance and control of malaria vectors. We designed a passive and portable outdoor host seeking device (POHD) and preliminarily evaluated suitable components against Anopheles arabiensis that maintains residual malaria transmission. Experiments were conducted using semifield reared An. arabiensis within the semifield system at Ifakara Health Institute (IHI) in southeastern Tanzania. These mosquitoes were exposed to Suna traps® baited with BG lures or source of light and augmented with carbon dioxide (CO2) in view of identifying best attractants necessary to improve attractiveness of designed POHD. Two Suna traps® were hanged at the corner but outside the experimental hut in a diagonal line and rotated between four corners to control for the effect of position and wind direction on mosquito catches. Furthermore, mosquitoes were also exposed to either a bendiocarb-treated or bendiocarb-untreated POHD baited with Mbita blend, Ifakara blend, and worn socks and augmented with warmth (i.e., 1.5 liter bottle of warm water) inside an experimental hut or a screened rectangular box. This study demonstrated that mosquitoes were more strongly attracted to Suna trap® baited with BG lures and CO2 relative to those traps baited with a source of light and CO2. The POHD baited with synthetic blends attracted and killed greater proportion of An. arabiensis compared with POHD baited with worn socks. Efficacy of the POHD was unaffected by source of warmth, and it was reduced by about 50% when the device was tested inside a screened rectangular box relative to closed experimental hut. Overall, this study demonstrates that the POHD baited with synthetic blends (Mbita and Ifakara blends) and bendiocarb can effectively attract and kill outdoor biting malaria vector species. Such POHD baited with synthetic blends may require the source of CO2 to enhance attractiveness to mosquitoes. Further trials are, therefore, ongoing to evaluate attractiveness of improved design of POHD baited with slow-release formulation of synthetic blends and sustainable source of CO2 to malaria vectors under semifield and natural environments.

scholarly journals Field evaluation of a novel synthetic odour blend and of the synergistic role of carbon dioxide for sampling host-seeking Aedes albopictus adults in Rome, Italy

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Pombi ◽  
Frans Jacobs ◽  
Niels O Verhulst ◽  
Beniamino Caputo ◽  
Alessandra della Torre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Host Seeking

The flight activity of the sheep headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) (Diptera:Muscidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Berlyn
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Seasonal Activity ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Seasonal Factors ◽  
Suction Trap ◽  
Male Activity ◽  
Radiant Temperature ◽  
Thermal Stimuli

AbstractThe flight activity of Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.) was investigated in western Scotland using an unbaited suction trap, a carbon-dioxide-baited suction trap and a Manitoba trap. Consistently more female flies were caught than males. Trapping experiments showed that carbon dioxide and visual or thermal stimuli influence long-range attraction and short-range orientation in host-seeking flies. The seasonal activity of adults was determined from the geometric means of catches from a suction trap baited with carbon dioxide and a Manitoba trap. H. irritans was shown to be univoltine. The activity of females was greatest in the middle of July and declined sharply in the first week of August. Male activity reached a peak at the same time as that of the females, then declined until no males were caught after mid-August. Females were most active between 10.00 and 18.00 h B.S.T., with a peak about 13.00 h. There was no variation in sex ratio during the day. Multiple regression equations of climatic and seasonal factors with log catches of flies were very similar for the two types of trap. Radiant temperature, illumination, wind speed and date were shown to influence activity of females and, with the exception of illumination, male activity also. Seasonal activity curves calculated from the regression equations were plotted for both sexes in the two traps.

scholarly journals Detection and perception of generic host volatiles by mosquitoes: responses to CO 2 constrains host-seeking behaviour

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 170189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Majeed ◽  
Sharon Rose Hill ◽  
Teun Dekker ◽  
Rickard Ignell
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Host Volatiles ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Receptor Neurons ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Detection

Natural selection has favoured specialization in anthropophilic mosquito host choice, yet in the absence of human hosts, females feed on a selected range of vertebrates. For host recognition, we hypothesize that mosquitoes primarily rely on generic host volatiles. Detection and perception of such compounds would provide the mosquito with a flexible, yet constrained, odour coding system that could delineate host preference. In this study, we show that the quintessential generic volatile for host-seeking, carbon dioxide, activates and attracts the malaria mosquito, Anopheles coluzzii , and the arbovirus vectors, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus , within boundaries set by the dynamic range and coding capacity of the CO 2 -sensitive olfactory receptor neurons. These boundaries are sufficiently broad to elicit behavioural responses to various hosts within their preferred host range. This study highlights the significance of the sensitivity of the carbon dioxide detection system and its regulation of host seeking and recognition.

Electron Cytochemical Study of Carbon Dioxide Laser Effect on Rhesus Monkey Cornea

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 224-225
Author(s):  
K. C. Tsou ◽  
J. Morris ◽  
P. Shawaluk ◽  
B. Stuck ◽  
E. Beatrice
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Laser Effect

While much is known regarding the effect of lasers on the retina, little study has been done on the effect of lasers on cornea, because of the limitation of the size of the material. Using a combination of electron microscope and several newly developed cytochemical methods, the effect of laser can now be studied on eye for the purpose of correlating functional and morphological damage. The present paper illustrates such study with CO2 laser on Rhesus monkey.

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