scholarly journals European Organization for Nuclear Research

Nature ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 207 (4994) ◽  
pp. 242-242
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Research ◽  
European Organization

scholarly journals Large Hadron Collider as a Legal Phenomenon

Lex Russica ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 161-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Chetverikov
Keyword(s):  
Large Hadron Collider ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Hadron Collider ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
European Organization ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Scientific Organizations ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Collaborations

   Сontinued. See: LEX RUSSICA. 2019. № 4. Pp. 151—169This paper is the first in Russia comprehensive theoretical and practical study of one of the world’s largest international scientific installations of the «megasience» class — the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) — from the standpoint of legal science.The author focuses on the unique legal status and legal nature of international scientific collaborations, with the help ofwhichscientistsfromdozensofcountries, including Russia, carry outresearchandmakescientificdiscoveries on the LHC. The paper considers and analyzed the following: the history of development, general principles of the LHC and the European organization for nuclear research (CERN), under the auspices of which its construction was carried out; the principles of the structure and functioning of international scientific collaborations around the LHC; the legal nature of their constituent documents as acts of soft law; the ratio of soft and hard law mechanisms in the regulation of international scientific collaborations around the LHC.The final section presents data and proposals on the use of the legal mechanisms studied in other countries and international organizations, including for the purpose of the construction of scientific installations of the «megasience» class under the auspices of the national scientific organizations of Russia and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna (Moscow region).

Herbert Wakefield Banks Skinner, 1900-1960

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 259-268
Keyword(s):  
Trinity College ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Patent Application ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
British Patent ◽  
Cavendish Laboratory ◽  
European Organization ◽  
Head Of School

Herbert Wakefield Banks Skinner was born on 7 October 1900, at Ealing on the western outskirts of London and died at Geneva while on a visit to the European Organization for Nuclear Research on 20 January 1960. He was the only son of George Herbert and Mabel Elizabeth Skinner. His father was a member of the directorate of the shoe firm, Lilley and Skinner, and was in many ways a remarkable man. The interests of George Skinner lay more with motoring and engineering than with commerce and he appears to have been one of the first in England to own a motor-car. He brought over from France a Léon Bollée car; a type which originated as long ago as 1896. His interests in the mechanism of the internal combustion engine led to the invention of a new type of carburettor which was the subject of a British patent application in February 1905 and which was built in the first instance in his own house. Later the demand for an efficient carburettor led to collaboration with his brother, T. G. Skinner, and together they formed a company in August 1910. This company, known as Skinner Union, manufactured the S.U. carburettor, and it is of interest that some of its original features are retained in the present-day model. George Skinner had his own ideas on children’s education and did not believe in early schooling. His son Herbert was accordingly 9 years old before he entered Durston House School at Ealing. The son had evidently inherited some of his father’s ability for, five years later, he won a mathematical scholarship to Rugby School and entered School House in September 1914. His progress at Rugby was marked by success: he won prizes both in mathematics and natural sciences and, when he left school in 1919, he was head boy of the science side and also head of School House. In October of that year Skinner entered Trinity College, Cambridge. He had won both a major and a minor leaving Exhibition from Rugby in mathematics and the natural sciences respectively. After a successful undergraduate career he obtained in the summer of 1922 a first-class in Part II of the Natural Sciences Tripos, having earlier been placed in the first class of Part I of the Mathematical Tripos. For the next five years Skinner carried out research work in the Cavendish Laboratory and for part of this time he held the Coutts Trotter Studentship of Trinity College.

scholarly journals Aqueous phase oxidation of sulphur dioxide by ozone in cloud droplets

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1693-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Hoyle ◽  
C. Fuchs ◽  
E. Järvinen ◽  
H. Saathoff ◽  
A. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Aqueous System ◽  
Cloud Droplets ◽  
European Organization ◽  
Reaction Rate Constants ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Phase Oxidation ◽  
Bulk Solutions

Abstract. The growth of aerosol due to the aqueous phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide by ozone was measured in laboratory-generated clouds created in the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Experiments were performed at 10 and −10 °C, on acidic (sulfuric acid) and on partially to fully neutralised (ammonium sulfate) seed aerosol. Clouds were generated by performing an adiabatic expansion – pressurising the chamber to 220 hPa above atmospheric pressure, and then rapidly releasing the excess pressure, resulting in a cooling, condensation of water on the aerosol and a cloud lifetime of approximately 6 min. A model was developed to compare the observed aerosol growth with that predicted using oxidation rate constants previously measured in bulk solutions. The model captured the measured aerosol growth very well for experiments performed at 10 and −10 °C, indicating that, in contrast to some previous studies, the oxidation rates of SO2 in a dispersed aqueous system can be well represented by using accepted rate constants, based on bulk measurements. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first laboratory-based measurements of aqueous phase oxidation in a dispersed, super-cooled population of droplets. The measurements are therefore important in confirming that the extrapolation of currently accepted reaction rate constants to temperatures below 0 °C is correct.

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