Discrete Subthreshold Potentials from the Dimly Lit Insect Eye

Nature ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 202 (4932) ◽  
pp. 572-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. SCHOLES
Keyword(s):  
Insect Eye

scholarly journals Patterning the insect eye: From stochastic to deterministic mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. e1006363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haleh Ebadi ◽  
Michael Perry ◽  
Keith Short ◽  
Konstantin Klemm ◽  
Claude Desplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Eye

scholarly journals Characterization of the genetic architecture underlying eye size variation within Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Gaspar ◽  
Saad Arif ◽  
Lauren Sumner-Rooney ◽  
Maike Kittelmann ◽  
Andrew J. Bodey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Eye Size ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Insect Eye

AbstractThe compound eyes of insects exhibit striking variation in size, reflecting adaptation to different lifestyles and habitats. However, the genetic and developmental bases of variation in insect eye size is poorly understood, which limits our understanding of how these important morphological differences evolve. To address this, we further explored natural variation in eye size within and between four species of the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. We found extensive variation in eye size among these species, and flies with larger eyes generally had a shorter inter-ocular distance and vice versa. We then carried out quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of intra-specific variation in eye size and inter-ocular distance in both D. melanogaster and D. simulans. This revealed that different genomic regions underlie variation in eye size and inter-ocular distance in both species, which we corroborated by introgression mapping in D. simulans. This suggests that although there is a trade-off between eye size and inter-ocular distance, variation in these two traits is likely to be caused by different genes and so can be genetically decoupled. Finally, although we detected QTL for intra-specific variation in eye size at similar positions in D. melanogaster and D. simulans, we observed differences in eye fate commitment between strains of these two species. This indicates that different developmental mechanisms and therefore, most likely, different genes contribute to eye size variation in these species. Taken together with the results of previous studies, our findings suggest that the gene regulatory network that specifies eye size has evolved at multiple genetic nodes to give rise to natural variation in this trait within and among species.

scholarly journals PHOTORECEPTOR STRUCTURES

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Wolken ◽  
J. Capenos ◽  
A. Turano
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Structural Detail ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Retinal Rods ◽  
Single Structure ◽  
Vertebrate Eye ◽  
Insect Eye

The eyes of three eye mutants of Drosophila melanogaster were fixed and thin sections studied for its structural detail in the electron microscope. Each ommatidium was found to have seven retinula cells with an equal number of rhabdomeres (visual units). The rhabdomeres average 1.2 µ in diameter and 60 µ in length. Each rhabdomere consists of osmium-fixed dense bands averaging 120 A in thickness, and with less dense interspaces 200 to 400 A. There is an average of 23 dense bands or 46 interfaces per micron within the rhabdomere. The rhabdomere as we have presented it is a single structure of packed rods or tubes. The "fine structure" within the rhabdomere is similar to that observed by electron microscopy for the retinula of the house fly, and to the retinal rods of the vertebrate eye, and to the chloroplasts of plant cells in a variety of animal and plant photoreceptor structures. In addition, the radial arrangements within the ommatidium of radially unsymmetrical units, the rhabdomeres, is probably related to the analysis of polarized light in the insect eye.

scholarly journals Signal or cue: the role of structural colors in flower pollination

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jair E Garcia ◽  
Mani Shrestha ◽  
Scarlett R Howard ◽  
Phred Petersen ◽  
Adrian G Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Visual Signal ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Structural Colors ◽  
Flower Pollination ◽  
Insect Communication ◽  
Plant Pollinator ◽  
Insect Eye

AbstractAngle dependent colors, such as iridescence, are produced by structures present on flower petals changing their visual appearance. These colors have been proposed to act as signals for plant–insect communication. However, there is a paucity of behavioral data to allow for interpretations of how to classify these colors either as a signal or a cue when considering the natural conditions under which pollination occurs. We sampled flowers from 6 plant species across various viewpoints looking for changes in the visual appearance of the petals. Spectral characteristics were measured with different instruments to simulate both the spectral and spatial characteristics of honeybee’s vision. We show the presence of color patches produced by angle dependent effects on the petals and the calyx of various species; however, the appearance of the angle dependent color patches significantly varies with viewpoint and would only be resolved by the insect eye at close distances. Behavior experiments with honeybees revealed that pollinators did not use angle dependent colors to drive behavior when presented with novel flower presentations. Results show that angle dependent colors do not comply with the requirements of a signal for plant–pollinator communication since the information transmitted by these colors would be unreliable for potential, free-flying pollination vectors. We thus classify angle dependent colors produced by micro- and ultra-structures as being a cue (a feature which has not evolved for communication), and observe no evidence supporting claims of these angle dependent colors having evolved as visual signal.

Study of two different biological insect eye maps with artificial neural network processing

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy E. Williams ◽  
Ronald G. Driggers ◽  
William R. Clayton ◽  
Laura Anderson ◽  
Carl E. Halford
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Insect Eye ◽  
Network Processing

Sensitivity facilitation in the insect eye

1977 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora Fix Ventura ◽  
Ni�lsy Melges Puglia
Keyword(s):  
Insect Eye
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