Plasma Membrane Apposition in the Central Nervous System after Aldehyde Perfusion

Nature ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 201 (4925) ◽  
pp. 1230-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
ULF KARLSSON ◽  
ROBERT SCHULTZ
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Plasma-membrane calcium pumps and hereditary deafness

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 913-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Brini ◽  
F. Di Leva ◽  
T. Domi ◽  
L. Fedrizzi ◽  
D. Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Membrane Domains ◽  
Hereditary Deafness ◽  
Calcium Pumps ◽  
Specific Targeting ◽  
Alternatively Spliced ◽  
The Central Nervous System

In mammals, four different genes encode four PMCA (plasma-membrane Ca2+-ATPase) isoforms. PMCA1 and 4 are expressed ubiquitously, and PMCA2 and 3 are expressed predominantly in the central nervous system. More than 30 variants are generated by mechanisms of alternative splicing. The physiological meaning of the existence of so many isoforms is not clear, but evidently it must be related to the cell-specific demands of Ca2+ homoeostasis. Recent studies suggest that the alternatively spliced regions in PMCA are responsible for specific targeting to plasma membrane domains, and proteins that bind specifically to the pumps could contribute to further regulation of Ca2+ control. In addition, the combination of proteins obtained by alternative splicing occurring at two different sites could be responsible for different functional characteristics of the pumps.

scholarly journals Piezo2 integrates mechanical and thermal cues in vertebrate mechanoreceptors

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (35) ◽  
pp. 17547-17555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Zheng ◽  
Yury A. Nikolaev ◽  
Elena O. Gracheva ◽  
Sviatoslav N. Bagriantsev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cold Sensitivity ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors ◽  
Tactile Information ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tactile Integration

Tactile information is detected by thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the skin and integrated by the central nervous system to produce the perception of somatosensation. Here we investigate the mechanism by which thermal and mechanical stimuli begin to interact and report that it is achieved by the mechanotransduction apparatus in cutaneous mechanoreceptors. We show that moderate cold potentiates the conversion of mechanical force into excitatory current in all types of mechanoreceptors from mice and tactile-specialist birds. This effect is observed at the level of mechanosensitive Piezo2 channels and can be replicated in heterologous systems using Piezo2 orthologs from different species. The cold sensitivity of Piezo2 is dependent on its blade domains, which render the channel resistant to cold-induced perturbations of the physical properties of the plasma membrane and give rise to a different mechanism of mechanical activation than that of Piezo1. Our data reveal that Piezo2 is an evolutionarily conserved mediator of thermal–tactile integration in cutaneous mechanoreceptors.

scholarly journals ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Luse
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Longitudinal Section ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Granular Component ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Fibrous Astrocytes

In order to establish criteria for the identification of the neural and glial cells of the central nervous system, sections of the brains and spinal cords of mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, and rats; and portions of tumors of the human brain have been examined by electron microscopy. Identification of neurons is made possible by the characteristic cytoplasmic picture, in which there is a distinct granular and less constant membranous ergastoplasmic pattern. In no other cell of the central nervous system is such a distinct granular component present in the ergastoplasm. The shape of the neuron in electron microscopic preparations is similar to that seen by light microscopy with several dendrites containing a similar cytoplasm arising from the perikaryon. Synapses are relatively common on the surface of the neuron and its dendrites. Microglial cells are relatively small and dense with few processes, and are arranged as perineuronal and perivascular satellites for the most part. Occasionally phagocytized material is present in their cytoplasm. The oligodendroglial cells are identifiable by their position as perineuronal satellites and in the white matter as cells arranged in rows. They have a uniformly round to ovoid nucleus with a pale cytoplasm, which has a sparse, finely granular component and a few small mitochondria. The processes are few and relatively straight when cut in longitudinal section. The predominant cellular type in an oligodendroglioma was similar, with a pale cytoplasm. The astrocytes are variable in appearance. Their nuclei are moderately large, irregularly ovoid, and the cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus is finely granular and scant. In the protoplasmic astrocytes the cytoplasm has a complicated infolded arrangement with reduplication of the plasma membrane, numerous processes extending radially from the cell and rebranching. To a certain extent this same folded plasma membrane was noted in the fibrous astrocytes. However, their more distant processes were narrowed, relatively straight, and filled with numerous dense fibrils. The processes of the astrocyte often surrounded axons, and other cellular processes, and surrounded some vessels, while attaching to a part of the wall of another vessel. Proliferating cells in experimentally produced gliosis and in astrocytic neoplasms were similar in structure. The ependymal cells and the epithelium of the choroid plexus have a specialized surface with microvillous projections of the cytoplasm covered by the plasma membrane. Cilia in varying numbers are present in both epithelia.

scholarly journals The Nutrition of the Central Nervous System in the Cockroach Periplaneta Americana L

1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-512
Author(s):  
V. B. WIGGLESWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Abdominal Ganglion ◽  
The Central Nervous System

1. The histology of the last abdominal ganglion and the cercal nerves and connectives of the cockroach are briefly described. Attention is called to the large cavities, termed the ‘glial lacunar system’, that are present in the glial cell layer of the ganglion; and to the branching filaments of collagen-like material which are laid down within the glial membranes and trabeculae of the ganglia and nerves. 2. Glycogen is stored in large amounts in the perineurium cells, and in small amounts in the interaxonal glial membranes in the neuropile and nerves. Invaginations of the plasma membrane of the large ganglion cells (the ‘trophospongium’) are apparently concerned in the transfer of glycogen. Invaginations and glycogen deposits increase progressively towards the base of the axon. 3. Very small amounts of triglycerides are stored in the ganglion. There are traces only in the perineurium cells; rather more in the glial cells. The invaginations of the glial cells into the large ganglion cells seem to be concerned also in the transfer of lipids to the neurones.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

Mammalian Bone Marrow Acetylcholinesterase

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Ezzatollah Keyhani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mammalian Bone

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.

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