Biochemical Indications as a means of distinguishing between Iron and Manganese Deficiency Symptoms in Citrus Plants

Nature ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 190 (4776) ◽  
pp. 647-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BAR-AKIVA
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Iron And Manganese

STUDIES IN PLANT MINERAL NUTRITION: II. THE ABSORPTION OF IRON AND MANGANESE BY DWARF KIDNEY BEAN, TOMATO, AND ONION FROM CULTURE SOLUTIONS

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Leach ◽  
C. D. Taper
Keyword(s):  
Culture Solution ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Optimum Range ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Plant Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Kidney Beans ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Iron And Manganese ◽  
Dwarf Bean

Dwarf kidney beans and tomatoes were grown in complete nutrient solutions containing various concentrations of iron and manganese. It was found that the iron to manganese ratio in the culture solutions must be within a definite range in order to avoid deficiency symptoms in the experimental plants. For the dwarf bean this range was 1.5 to 3.0, and for the tomato it was 0.5 to 5.0. Concentration ratios outside the optimum range produced either iron or manganese deficiency symptoms. Concentrations below minimum values of both iron and manganese always produced deficiency symptoms irrespective of the ratio of iron to manganese in the culture solutions. An apparent antagonism between the absorption of iron and of manganese was observed with both beans and tomatoes grown in nutrient solutions. This antagonism was also found to occur with onions grown in solutions containing only the sulphates of the two metals. It was further found that with onions growing in single salt solutions of the sulphates of iron and manganese, the concentration of iron or manganese in the solutions did not affect the amounts of the metals absorbed by the plants from the solutions. The combined amount of iron plus manganese absorbed appeared to remain constant irrespective of the iron to manganese ratio in the culture solution.

Controlling manganese deficiency in sugarbeet with foliar sprays

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Last ◽  
K. M. R. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Manganese Sulphate ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Mn Concentrations

SUMMARYField experiments in 1987 and 1988 on peaty-loam, Mn-deficient soils of the Adventurers series in Cambridgeshire, UK, tested the response of sugarbeet to three forms of manganese fertilizer supplied as foliar sprays. The influence of a wetter and an adjuvant on manganese absorption and growth was also investigated.Cutonic and chelated forms of Mn, when applied at standard rates, were inefficient at increasing Mn concentrations in plants and alleviating deficiency symptoms during early summer. Mn concentrations in foliage increased rapidly after spraying with manganese sulphate, and most of the deficiency symptoms disappeared. These benefits were usually enhanced when manganese sulphate sprays were used with an adjuvant.Averaged over both years, yield without Mn was 8·83 t sugar/ha; the largest yield, 9·56 t/ha, was obtained with manganese sulphate plus adjuvant. Smaller benefits were obtained with the other forms of Mn. The adjuvant, when used with chelated Mn, appeared to depress sugar yields in both years. The likelihood of reducing the number of sprays required to control Mn deficiency on Fen soils was improved by using an adjuvant with manganous sulphate sprays.

STUDIES IN PLANT MINERAL NUTRITION: III. THE EFFECTS OF CALCIUM CONCENTRATION IN CULTURE SOLUTIONS UPON THE ABSORPTION OF IRON AND MANGANESE BY DWARF KIDNEY BEAN

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 773-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Taper ◽  
W. Leach
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Optimum Range ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Iron Manganese ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Iron And Manganese

Definite relationships between the absorption of iron, manganese, and calcium were revealed in experiments with dwarf kidney beans grown in complete nutrient solutions containing various concentrations of iron and manganese, and two concentrations of calcium. The effects of these treatments upon the leaf contents of iron and manganese were determined by spectrophotometric analysis.It was found that increase in the concentration of either one of the metals, iron or manganese, relative to the concentration of the other, in the culture solution, appeared to depress the concentration of the other in the leaves, regardless of calcium level in the solution. Further, increase in the calcium level appeared to depress the accumulation by the leaves of both iron and manganese, regardless of their concentrations in the culture solution and the ratio between them.The iron to manganese concentration ratio in the culture solution was a factor in determining the presence or absence of deficiency symptoms. With 42 p.p.m. of calcium in the culture solution, healthy plants resulted within an optimum iron: manganese ratio range of approximately 0.5 to 5.0, whereas, in the case of 143 p.p.m. of calcium, healthy plants resulted only when the ratio was 2, indicating a narrower optimum range for the higher calcium level. Iron: manganese ratios below the optimum range resulted in iron deficiency symptoms, and above this range, in manganese deficiency symptoms.The data suggest that a minimum content of each of the metals, iron and manganese, must be present in the leaf tissues in order that healthy plants may result.

Effect of cultural practices on the manganese status of soil and citrus trees under irrigation.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Connor
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Citrus Trees

The occurrence of manganese deficiency in citrus on an experimental orchard established in light horticultural soil in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area is reported. There is a relationship between visual symptoms of deficiency and the amount of manganese in the leaf. When the leaf manganese falls to 20 p.p.m., 50 per cent. of the trees show visual deficiency symptoms. Trees on Sweet Orange stock had less manganese and showed more visual deficiency symptoms than trees on Rough Lemon stock. A decrease in soil pH consequent on the addition of ammonium sulphate fertilizer led to a graduated increase in exchangeable soil manganese and leaf manganese. Bringing the calcareous subsoil to the surface consequent on digging trenches for laying agricultural drains led to acute manganese deficiency. Trees on plots tilled during the summer have greater leaf manganese contents than trees on sod plots or plots not tilled but kept free of weeds by herbicidal sprays, but these cultural treatments do not affect the exchangeable soil manganese. Possible reasons for the differences are discussed.

The susceptibility of cereal varieties to manganese deficiency

1943 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick H. Gallagher ◽  
Thomas Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Sulphate Solution ◽  
Rapid Recovery ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Manganese Sulphate ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Pot Experiments

A comparison is made, under similar cultural conditions in pot experiments, of the behaviour of a number of varieties of wheat, barley, rye and oats on two soils on which oats had previously displayed pronounced symptoms of manganese deficiency.All of these cereals were found to develop disease symptoms on these soils, rapid recovery from which invariably took place after the plants had been sprayed with 1% manganese sulphate solution. Variations in deficiency symptoms in the different cereals are indicated and observations on the course of the disease throughout the season are recorded for some thirty-two varieties.

Correction of manganese deficiency in barley crops on calcareous soils. 1. Manganous sulphate applied at sowing and as foliar sprays

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 434 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
TG Heard ◽  
AM Alston
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Shoot And Root Growth

Barley was grown in six field experiments from 1963 to 1969 on calcareous (>80 per cent CaCO3) soils of southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. Manganous sulphate was applied to the soil at sowing at 0 to 16 kg ha-1 Mn and to the plants as foliar sprays (1.3 - 1.8 kg ha-1 Mn per application). The effects on shoot and root growth, and manganese uptake in the shoots were measured during the season, and grain yields were determined. Application of manganous sulphate to the soil at sowing increased shoot and root growth and the manganese content of the shoots, and progressively delayed the appearance of manganese deficiency symptoms. However, all crops showed symptoms by the time of stem extension irrespective of the amount of manganese applied to the soil. The maximum grain yield response to soil application was obtained with 6 kg ha-1 Mn. Foliar application of manganous sulphate delayed the appearance of deficiency symptoms and increased grain yield in three of the experiments. Two or three sprays were more effective than a single spray, particularly where no manganese was applied to the soil at sowing. A combination of both soil and foliar application of manganous sulphate (6 kg ha-1Mn added to the soil at sowing and two or three foliar sprays) produced the highest grain yields and usually prevented the occurrence of deficiency symptoms.

Translocation of Manganese in Subterranean Clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. Cv. Seaton Park) I. Redistribution During Vegetative Growth

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
RO Nable ◽  
JF Loneragan
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
No Net Loss ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

The mobility of manganese from old leaves and cotyledons during vegetative growth has been examined by following manganese content and radioactive manganese redistribution in parts of subterranean clover plants grown into manganese deficiency. In plants transferred from nutrient solutions with 1 �M Mn2+ to solutions without Mn2+, the amount of manganese in the roots decreased markedly. During the same period there was no net loss of manganese from cotyledons and old leaves, although plants developed severe manganese deficiency symptoms in young leaves. Old leaves of plants given an early supply of 54Mn lost no 54Mn when the plants were transferred to non-radioactive solutions without manganese for 14 days. Silicon, which is known to influence the distribution of manganese within leaves of some plants, had no effect on the loss of total manganese or 54Mn from old leaves. Detached green, mature leaves lost 40% of their manganese within 24 h when aerated in water. If leaching by rain removes substantial amounts of manganese from leaves of plants grown in the field, this may account for reports of manganese mobility in plant phloem. The present results establish that manganese is not mobile in the phloem of subterranean clover plants during vegetative growth.

The control of manganese deficiency in soils: I. The effects of sulphur and thiosulphates on crops growing on manganese-deficient soils

1948 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Quastel ◽  
E. J. Hewitt ◽  
D. J. D. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Garden Soil ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Manganese Uptake ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Clay Pots

SUMMARY1. Pot and field experiments were made to compare the effects of thiosulphates and sulphur on the incidence of manganese deficiency in oat, beet and pea grown in two manganese-deficient soils.2. The addition of sodium or calcium thiosulphate to oat plants growing in a manganese-deficient fen soil in boxes markedly reduced symptoms of ‘grey speck’ and increased the soluble manganese content in the leaf tissues, but the effect was transient.3. The growth of beet in this soil in clay pots was improved by the addition of thiosulphates, and also by painting the exterior of the pots with bitumen paint or by covering the surface of the soil with a thin layer of sand. The thiosulphate treatments increased the manganese uptake by the plants and reduced the symptoms of manganese deficiency, particularly when applied to pots painted with bitumen paint.4. Field experiments with an old garden soil deficient in manganese showed that thiosulphate treatments increased the manganese uptake of beet. Placement treatments were more effective than broadcast treatments and greatly improved the growth of beet and reduced or eliminated manganese-deficiency symptoms, without producing any change in soil pH.

Colloidal systems in soils

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 64-65
Author(s):  
J. Thieme ◽  
J. Niemeyer ◽  
P. Guttman
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Colloidal Systems ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Aggregation Phenomena ◽  
Iron And Manganese ◽  
Soil Colloids

In soil science the fraction of colloids in soils is understood as particles with diameters smaller than 2μm. Clay minerals, aquoxides of iron and manganese, humic substances, and other polymeric materials are found in this fraction. The spatial arrangement (microstructure) is controlled by the substantial structure of the colloids, by the chemical composition of the soil solution, and by thesoil biota. This microstructure determines among other things the diffusive mass flow within the soils and as a result the availability of substances for chemical and microbiological reactions. The turnover of nutrients, the adsorption of toxicants and the weathering of soil clay minerals are examples of these surface mediated reactions. Due to their high specific surface area, the soil colloids are the most reactive species in this respect. Under the chemical conditions in soils, these minerals are associated in larger aggregates. The accessibility of reactive sites for these reactions on the surface of the colloids is reduced by this aggregation. To determine the turnover rates of chemicals within these aggregates it is highly desirable to visualize directly these aggregation phenomena.

The content of copper, zinc, iron and manganese in honey

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kot ◽  
Stanisław Zaręba
Keyword(s):  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Iron And Manganese
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