scholarly journals Diurnal Changes in the Topographical Distribution of Glycogen in the Brain of Iguana iguana

Nature ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 188 (4752) ◽  
pp. 751-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. STOLK
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Iguana Iguana ◽  
Topographical Distribution ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 892-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Okada ◽  
Kentaro Masujin ◽  
Kohtaro Miyazawa ◽  
Yoshifumi Iwamaru ◽  
Morikazu Imamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Cauda Equina ◽  
Brain Homogenate ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Infected Cattle ◽  
Atypical Form ◽  
Pathologic Features ◽  
Topographical Distribution ◽  
The Brain

H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) is an atypical form of BSE in cattle. During passaging of H-BSE in transgenic bovinized (TgBoPrP) mice, a novel phenotype of BSE, termed BSE-SW emerged and was characterized by a short incubation time and host weight loss. To investigate the biological and biochemical properties of the BSE-SW prion, a transmission study was conducted in cattle, which were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenate from BSE-SW–infected TgBoPrP mice. The disease incubation period was approximately 15 months. The animals showed characteristic neurological signs of dullness, and severe spongiform changes and a widespread, uniform distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) were observed throughout the brain of infected cattle. Immunohistochemical PrPSc staining of the brain revealed the presence of intraglial accumulations and plaque-like deposits. No remarkable differences were identified in vacuolar lesion scores, topographical distribution patterns, and staining types of PrPSc in the brains of BSE-SW– vs H-BSE–infected cattle. PrPSc deposition was detected in the ganglia, vagus nerve, spinal nerve, cauda equina, adrenal medulla, and ocular muscle. Western blot analysis revealed that the specific biochemical properties of the BSE-SW prion, with an additional 10- to 12-kDa fragment, were well maintained after transmission. These findings indicated that the BSE-SW prion has biochemical properties distinct from those of H-BSE in cattle, although clinical and pathologic features of BSW-SW in cattle are indistinguishable from those of H-BSE. The results suggest that the 2 infectious agents, BSE-SW and H-BSE, are closely related strains.

Diurnal changes in the brain glycogen

1958 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 452-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Svorad
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Brain Glycogen ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals SURG-03. SPATIAL COORDINATES FROM GAMMA KNIFE RADIOSURGERY REVEAL PRIMARY CANCERS HAVE REGIONAL CNS TOPOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION FOR BRAIN METASTASES

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i31-i31
Author(s):  
Josh Neman ◽  
Meredith Franklin ◽  
Zachary Madaj ◽  
Tim Triche ◽  
Gal Sadlik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Topographical Distribution ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Brain metastases arise in the central nervous system (CNS) following spread of circulating mesenchymal-type cells from primary tumors. While accumulating evidence underlines the importance of the neural niche in the establishment and progression of metastases, there still remains ambiguity over CNS anatomical spatial distribution from primary cancers. We evaluated 973 patients with brain metastases (breast, colorectal, lung, melanoma, renal) totaling 2,106 lesions treated from 1994–2015 with gamma knife radiosurgery at the University of Southern California Keck Medical Center for topographical distribution analysis. MRI images of the brain were taken and used in conjunction with the frame to precisely localize tumors and measure their size. Each tumor was given an x, y, and z-coordinate derived from the head frame that corresponded to its volumetric center within a 3-dimensional Cartesian field. Topographical analyses were conducted using logistic and multinomial spatial generalized additive models (GAM). For each cancer origin type we compared the observed brain metastases to set of randomly generated spatial observations to determine whether there were statistically significant localization patterns. Spatial pattern results show: 1) melanoma has highest probability to metastasize to the right frontal (74.5%, 95% confidence interval [Cl] = 63.6%- 85.4%) and to occipital lobe (72.4%, 95% Cl = 65.8%-78.9%), 2) while breast cancers have highest proclivity to metastasize to left cerebellar hemisphere (25%, 95% Cl=16.0%-34.1%) and brainstem (16.6%, 95% Cl= 10.8%-22.4%), 3) with lung tumors metastasizing to the left (23.7%, 95% Cl= 16.0–31.3%) and right parietal (24.7%, 95% Cl=16.7–32.8%), left temporal lobe (25.2%, 95% Cl=21.4%-29.1%). Colon and renal metastases show weak spatial patterns across the CNS. We conclude there is evidence of non-uniform spatial distribution of metastasis in the brain. These tumor-specific CNS topography patterns may underlie the ability of cancer cells to adapt to the regional neural microenvironments in order to facilitate colonization and establishment of metastasis.

Neuropsychological evaluation and the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Snowden
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Pathological Change ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Symptom Pattern ◽  
Mental Change ◽  
Topographical Distribution ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
Dementing Illness ◽  
The Brain

Dementia has traditionally been viewed as a global, undifferentiated impairment of intellect and memory. The implication is that patients with dementia share a common clinical syndrome. It is, however, now recognized that different dementing diseases give rise to distinct patterns of mental change, reflecting differences in the topographical distribution of pathological change within the brain. Contrary to the traditional view, analysis of the characteristics of dementia can contribute substantially to differential diagnosis. Indeed, since many patients with a dementing illness exhibit few physical signs, evaluation of the mental changes may be critical to diagnostic accuracy. With the advent of new therapies for dementia, precise diagnosis has become increasingly important. Moreover, understanding of patients’ symptom pattern provides a rational basis for patient management and for advice to carers.

Abstract 2858: Topographical Distribution of Brain Microbleeds and Global Cognitive Function in Adults without Neurological Disorders

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke Yakushiji ◽  
Tomoyuki Noguchi ◽  
Megumi Hara ◽  
Masashi Nishihara ◽  
Makoto Eriguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Mmse Score ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Amyloid Angiopathy ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Global Cognitive Function ◽  
Topographical Distribution ◽  
Aged Subjects ◽  
The Brain

Background and Purpose: Brain microbleeds (MBs) have been recognized to be associated with cognitive decline, and can be pathologically and topographically divided into cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)-related MBs (lobar MBs) and hypertensive vasculopathy-related MBs (deep or infratentorial MBs). We assessed the hypothesis that different effects on global cognitive function might be seen with different topographical distributions of MBs. Methods: A total of 1278 consecutive adults (mean age, 58 years) without neurological disorders who had undergone health-screening tests of the brain were studied prospectively. Gradient-echo T2*-weighted MRI using a 1.5-T system was used to detect MBs. Subjects were divided into four groups: without MBs; with lobar MBs; with MBs in deep or infratentorial areas (deep MBs); and with MBs in both areas (diffuse MBs). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was administered to determine cognitive functions. MMSE scores <27 were regarded as subnormal. Logistic regression modeling was used to evaluate associations between subnormal MMSE score and topographical distribution of MBs, as well as presence of MBs. Results: MBs were detected in the brain for 98 of 1279 subjects (8%), including 36 subjects (3%) with lobar MBs, 48 (4%) with deep MBs, and 14 (1%) with diffuse MBs. Subnormal MMSE scores were found in 76 subjects (6%), and were significantly associated with higher age, higher systolic blood pressure, shorter duration of education, severe white matter hyperintensities, and presence of MBs. After adjusting for these related factors, presence of any MBs (odds ratio (OR), 2.29; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17-4.46), and topographical distributional patterns of deep MBs (OR, 2.86; 95%CI, 1.20-6.78) and diffuse MBs (OR, 5.72; 95%CI, 1.59-20.54) were significantly associated with subnormal MMSE score, whereas lobar MBs were not (OR, 0.79; 95%CI, 0.18-3.47). Scores for total MMSE and “attention and calculation” were significantly lower with deep MBs ( P <0.05 each) and diffuse MBs ( P <0.01 each) compared with no MBs. Conclusions: Regarding the presence of any MBs, hypertensive vasculopathy-related MBs appear to be the main cause of global cognitive dysfunction in neurologically healthy adults. In most middle-aged subjects, effects of CAA-related MBs on cognitive function might not yet be apparent.

scholarly journals The Photoreceptors of Lampreys

1935 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-270
Author(s):  
J. Z. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Colour Change ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Pineal Complex ◽  
Artificial Illumination ◽  
Pituitary Secretion ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Illumination Removal

1. Illumination of the dorsal region of the head of an ammocoete larva is followed by movements of the animal, but only after exposure for longer periods than are necessary to elicit responses from the tail. 2. Since this reaction persists unaffected after removal of the pineal and paired eyes, it is concluded that it is produced by the direct effect of light on some tissue in the brain. 3. Larval and adult L. planeri show very pronounced daily rhythms of colour change, becoming pale at night and dark during the daytime. 4. Continuous artificial illumination of the animals produces maximal darkening and stops the diurnal rhythm. 5. When animals are left in total darkness the diurnal changes usually persist, though diminished in extent; sometimes the melanophores come to rest in the expanded phase. 6. Since section or faradic stimulation of spinal nerves is not followed by local changes in the melanophores, it is concluded that these are not under nervous control. 7. After removal of either the whole pituitary complex or its pars nervosa and intermedia the animals become maximally pale, and remain so indefinitely in spite of changes of illumination. 8. Injection of extracts of mammalian posterior pituitary lobe causes darkening of such hypophysectomised lampreys. 9. Pituitrin was also found to be capable of maintaining the expansion of isolated melanophores. 10. After removal of the pineal complex from ammocoetes the rhythms of colour change were interrupted, the melanophores remaining in the expanded phase under all conditions of illumination. Removal of the pineal of adult L. planeri disturbed the colour rhythm, which was then completely abolished if the paired eyes were also removed. 11. Thus the paling of an ammocoete when it passes from light to darkness is probably due to the inhibition of posterior pituitary secretion by nervous impulses set up by the change of illumination of the pineal complex.

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