Effect of a Sewage Effluent Discharge on the Deposition of Calcium Carbonate on Shells of the Snail Potamopyrgus jenkinsi (Smith)

Nature ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 186 (4723) ◽  
pp. 492-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. EDWARDS ◽  
J. HEYWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Effluent Discharge ◽  
Potamopyrgus Jenkinsi

scholarly journals The heat recovery potential of ‘wastewater’: a national analysis of sewage effluent discharge temperatures

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 1760-1777
Author(s):  
M. P. Wilson ◽  
F. Worrall
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Recovery Potential ◽  
Effluent Discharge ◽  
National Analysis

Environmental water quality data from England are used to establish the excess heat in sewage effluent discharges to rivers and subsequently estimate the national scale heat recovery potential of wastewater.

Sewage effluent discharge and geothermal input in a natural wetland, Tongariro Delta, New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Chagué-Goff ◽  
Michael R. Rosen ◽  
Prisca Eser
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Natural Wetland ◽  
Effluent Discharge

A TEM study of the microstructure of avian eggshells

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1102-1103
Author(s):  
S. Q. Xiao ◽  
S. Baden ◽  
A. H. Heuer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Shell Surface ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Polycrystalline Metals ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nucleation And Growth Mechanisms

The avian eggshell is one of the most rapidly mineralizing biological systems known. In situ, 5g of calcium carbonate are crystallized in less than 20 hrs to fabricate the shell. Although there have been much work about the formation of eggshells, controversy about the nucleation and growth mechanisms of the calcite crystals, and their texture in the eggshell, still remain unclear. In this report the microstructure and microchemistry of avian eggshells have been analyzed using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).Fresh white and dry brown eggshells were broken and fixed in Karnosky's fixative (kaltitanden) for 2 hrs, then rinsed in distilled H2O. Small speckles of the eggshells were embedded in Spurr medium and thin sections were made ultramicrotome.The crystalline part of eggshells are composed of many small plate-like calcite grains, whose plate normals are approximately parallel to the shell surface. The sizes of the grains are about 0.3×0.3×1 μm3 (Fig.l). These grains are not as closely packed as man-made polycrystalline metals and ceramics, and small gaps between adjacent grains are visible indicating the absence of conventional grain boundaries.

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