Gonadotrophin from the Neural Region of Ascidians

Nature ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 166 (4226) ◽  
pp. 737-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. CARLISLE
Keyword(s):  
Neural Region

scholarly journals On The Hormonal and Neural Control of the Release of Gametes in Ascidians

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-472
Author(s):  
D. B. CARLISLE
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Sense Organ ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Gamete Release ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neural Region

1. It is argued that the neural gland (+ciliated pit) of ascidians is homologous with the entire pituitary of vertebrates, adenohypophysis as well as neurohypophysis. 2. Ciona and Phallusia are shown to respond to an injection of chorionic gonadotrophin by the release of gametes. 3. They respond in the same way to feeding with eggs and sperm of their own species but not to those of other species. 4. This response is prevented in both cases by section of the nerves from the ganglion to the region of the gonads. 5. Destruction of the heart and removal of the blood does not prevent the response to feeding with gametes, nor to injection of gonadotrophin into the neural region; this operation does prevent the reaction if the site of injection is elsewhere. 6. Destruction of the neural gland, leaving the ganglion intact, prevents the response to feeding with gametes, but does not prevent its following an injection of chorionic gonadotrophin. 7. The hypothesis is advanced that the neural gland (+ciliated pit) is the sense organ involved in this response to feeding, and that it produces gonadotrophin and passes it to the ganglion by a non-vascular route; the ganglion then stimulates by nervous pathways the gonads to release gametes. 8. It is suggested that gonadotrophin is here fulfilling a sensory role in passing information from sense organ to the central nervous system. It may be contrasted with adrenalin which passes instructions from the central nervous system to effectors. 9. Phallusia is shown to respond with gamete release to an injection of an extract of the neural complex of Ciona.

scholarly journals Attachment figures activate a safety signal-related neural region and reduce pain experience

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (28) ◽  
pp. 11721-11726 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. Eisenberger ◽  
S. L. Master ◽  
T. K. Inagaki ◽  
S. E. Taylor ◽  
D. Shirinyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Signal ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Neural Region

scholarly journals A Neural Region of Abstract Working Memory

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2852-2863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Cowan ◽  
Dawei Li ◽  
Amanda Moffitt ◽  
Theresa M. Becker ◽  
Elizabeth A. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Region ◽  
William James ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Dependent Activity ◽  
Neural Region

Over 350 years ago, Descartes proposed that the neural basis of consciousness must be a brain region in which sensory inputs are combined. Using fMRI, we identified at least one such area for working memory, the limited information held in mind, described by William James as the trailing edge of consciousness. Specifically, a region in the left intraparietal sulcus was found to demonstrate load-dependent activity for either visual stimuli (colored squares) or a combination of visual and auditory stimuli (spoken letters). This result was replicated across two experiments with different participants and methods. The results suggest that this brain region, previously well known for working memory of visually presented materials, actually holds or refers to information from more than one modality.

scholarly journals Biomechanical Comparison between Stand-alone Interbody Cages and their Benefits over Posterior Screw Fixation

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 11-12
Author(s):  
Andrea Calvo-Echenique ◽  
José Cegoñino ◽  
Amaya Pérez-del Palomar
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Screw Fixation ◽  
Lumbar Fusion ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Lumbar Pain ◽  
Posterior Fixation ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Cage Migration ◽  
Biomechanical Comparison ◽  
Neural Region

Lumbar pain is one of the most common problems of population. Far too often it is caused by ageing and degeneration of intervertebral discs. Fusion techniques, as arthrodesis which used screw fixation, were the first surgeries used to avoid lumbar pathologies. However, arthrodesis reduced dramatically the spine movement.Stand-alone cage is a minimally invasive surgery alternative to lumbar fusion with posterior fixation. Despite their previous reported successful results (Ahmadian et al., 2014) some physicians continue questioning their effectiveness because of the risk of spine destabilization and cage migration (Oxland et al., 2000).The purpose of this research was to demonstrate that stand-alone cages introduced in a minimally invasive way are a good surgical solution for the IVD diseases.This main goal has been divided into three different partial goals: prove spinal stability, show the decompression on the neural region and compare the effects over the adjacent discs with and without posterior fixation. It is also of the interest of this work to compare between cage designs based on the above mentioned criteria.

scholarly journals Changes of the electrical excitability of amphibian muscle fibre, and discussion of A. V. Hill’s excitation formula

1922 ◽  
Vol 94 (656) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Electrical Excitability ◽  
Neural Region ◽  
Capillary Pore

Our present paper deals with the investigations to ascertain the influences of K and Ca chlorides, curare, and denervation, on the electrical excitability of muscle fibres, expressed in the curve relating to the duration and liminal strength of the stimulating constant current. The whole of the experiments were carried out by means of the capillary pore electrode with the same stimulating arrangements as described in our previous paper (1). As the material of experiments we used exclusively M. sartorius of the frog, stimulating the extreme pelvic non-neural region on the ventral surface of the muscle.

scholarly journals A pre-embedding triple-label electron microscopic immunohistochemical method as applied to the study of multiple inputs to defined tegmental neurons.

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
K D Anderson ◽  
E J Karle ◽  
A Reiner
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Target Structure ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ventral Tegmental ◽  
Neural Region

For many neural regions it is of interest to know the identity of the target structures of two different types of inputs to that neural region. Such studies require use of a triple-label immunohistochemical method to differentially label the class of target structure and the two types of input so that they can be visualized at the electron microscopic (EM) level. We describe here a procedure for combining three different markers (diaminobenzidine, benzidine dihydrochloride, and silver-intensified immunogold) for triple-label EM immunohistochemical pre-embedding labeling. All three markers are distinct at the LM and EM levels. An example of this approach as applied to studying striatal input to the ventral tegmental area is presented and the advantages of this approach are discussed.

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