Photoperiodic Control of Leaf Growth and Cambial Activity in Pinus sylvestris

Nature ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 163 (4150) ◽  
pp. 770-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. WAREING
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Photoperiodic Control

Gibberellins and the photoperiodic control of leaf growth in Poa pratensis

1997 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olavi Junttila ◽  
Ola M. Heide ◽  
Bente Lindgard ◽  
Arild Ernstsen
Keyword(s):  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Photoperiodic Control

scholarly journals Temporal dynamics of nonstructural carbohydrates and xylem growth in Pinus sylvestris exposed to drought

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1590-1597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Oberhuber ◽  
Irene Swidrak ◽  
Daniela Pirkebner ◽  
Andreas Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Late Wood ◽  
Structural Growth ◽  
Xylem Growth ◽  
Soil Dryness

Wood formation requires a continuous supply of carbohydrates for structural growth and metabolism. In the montane belt of the central Austrian Alps, we monitored the temporal dynamics of xylem growth and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in stem sapwood of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) during the growing season of 2009, which was characterized by exceptional soil dryness within the study area. Soil water content dropped below 10% at the time of maximum xylem growth at the end of May. Histological analyses have been used to describe cambial activity and xylem growth. Determination of NSC was performed using specific enzymatic assays revealing that total NSC ranged from 0.8% to 1.7% dry matter throughout the year. Significant variations (P < 0.05) of the size of the NSC pool were observed during the growing season. Starch showed persistent abundance throughout the year, reaching a maximum shortly before onset of late wood formation in mid-July. Seasonal dynamics of NSC and xylem growth suggest that (i) high sink activity occurred at the start of the growing season in spring and during late wood formation in summer and (ii) there was no particular shortage in NSC, which caused P. sylvestris to draw upon stem reserves more heavily during the drought in 2009.

scholarly journals Proteolytic activity in the stem cambial region of Pinus sylvestris L. - A contribution to the specific differentiation of secondary xylem and phloem

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof J. Rakowski ◽  
Tomasz J. Wodzicki
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobility ◽  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Xylem Differentiation ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Ph Optimum

Proteolytic activity was studied in the differentiating xylem and phloem of Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) to determine the specificity of xylem and phloem differentiation. The activity of autolytic proteases was demonstrated in the differentiating xylem during spring, summer and autumn and it was not detectable during winter. It was initiated with the onset of cambial activity in spring and unchanged during subsequent stages of xylem differentiation. The same proteolytic activity was not detectable in the extract of fresh phloem tissue. It could be detected in phloem after removal of the inhibitor found in the extract. The same pH optimum was determined for proteases extracted from xylem and phloem. However, their identity remains uncertain because of different electrophoretic mobility. On the other hand the presence of protease inhibitor in phloem tissue can be an important factor im determining the specificity of xylem an phloem differentiation.

Blocking phloem transport triggers bimodal radial growth in Pinus sylvestris at a xeric site

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Oberhuber ◽  
Anton Landlinger-Weilbold ◽  
Andreas Gruber ◽  
Gerhard Wieser
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Phloem Transport ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;A bimodal radial grow pattern, i.e. growth peaks in spring and autumn, was repeatedly found in trees in Mediterranean regions, where summer drought causes reduction or cessation of cambial activity. In a dry inner Alpine valley of the Eastern Alps (Tyrol, Austria, &lt;em&gt;c&lt;/em&gt;. 750 m asl), which is characterized by drought periods at the start of the growing season in spring and more favorable conditions during summer, &lt;em&gt;Pinus sylvestris&lt;/em&gt; shows an unimodal growth pattern with onset and cessation of cambial activity in early April and late June, respectively. Although xylem cell differentiation (cell wall thickening) may last until end of August, a resumption of cambial activity after intense summer rainfall was not observed in this region. In a field experiment we therefore tested the hypothesis that early cessation of cambial activity under drought is an adaptation to limited water availability during the growing season (April through June), leading to an early and irreversible switch of carbon (C) allocation to belowground. To accomplish this, the C status of &lt;em&gt;c&lt;/em&gt;. 20 year old &lt;em&gt;Pinus sylvestris&lt;/em&gt; saplings (mean stem height 1.5 m) was manipulated at a xeric site by physical blockage of phloem transport (girdling) in mid-July (doy 199), i.e. &lt;em&gt;c&lt;/em&gt;. four weeks after cessation of cambial cell division. The influence of manipulated C availability on radial growth was continuously recorded by stem dendrometers, which were mounted 5 cm above girdling. In response to blockage of phloem flow, resumption of radial growth was detected above the girdling zone after about 2 weeks, i.e., bimodal growth could be triggered above girdling by increasing C availability. Although the experimentally induced second growth surge lasted for the same period as in spring (i.e., &lt;em&gt;c&lt;/em&gt;. 2 months), the increment was more than twice as large. Below girdling radial growth was not affected (i.e., no reactivation of cambial activity occurred), but cell wall thickness of last latewood cells was significantly reduced indicating lack of C after girdling. Intense radial growth resumption in &lt;em&gt;Pinus sylvestris&lt;/em&gt; saplings after girdling indicates that cessation of stem cambial activity can be reversed by manipulating the C status of the stem suggesting a high belowground C demand on the drought-prone, nutrient deficient site. This work highlights the need of in-depth experimental studies in order to understand the impact of endogenous and exogenous factors on cambial activity more clearly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The research was funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF; project number P25643-B16).&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals PHOTOPERIODIC CONTROL OF CAMBIAL ACTIVITY IN ROBIMIA PSEUDACACIA L.

1956 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. WARFING ◽  
D. L. ROBFRTS
Keyword(s):  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Photoperiodic Control

scholarly journals Cambial activity of Populus tremula × Populus alba clone 717-1B4 in hydroponic culture

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Morabito ◽  
Aurore Caruso ◽  
Sabine Carpin ◽  
Cédric Carli ◽  
Françoise Laurans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Populus Tremula ◽  
Populus Alba ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
The Impact

Populus tremula Michx. × Populus alba L. clone 717-1B4 plants were grown in a hydroponic system in an effort to detect cambial activity in a changing nutrient environment. The secondary growth of the stem was determined by automated measurement of radial growth, as well as by histological study. This is the first time poplar cambial activity has been recorded in a hydroponic system. Further, we demonstrate that nutrient limitations can be tested with progressive deprivation of liquid medium. The system lends itself to measurements of stomatal conductance, primary stem growth, leaf growth, and radial stem growth. In this study we found that primary and secondary growth were affected by nutrient solution limitations. This hydroponic system will be valuable in elucidating the impact of environmental, physiological, and molecular factors on cambial activity and wood formation.

Gibberellins and the photoperiodic control of leaf growth in Poa pratensis

1997 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olavi Junttila ◽  
Ola M. Heide ◽  
Bente Lindgard ◽  
Arild Ernstsen
Keyword(s):  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Photoperiodic Control

scholarly journals Triggering Bimodal Radial Stem Growth in Pinus sylvestris at a Drought-Prone Site by Manipulating Stem Carbon Availability

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Oberhuber ◽  
Anton Landlinger-Weilbold ◽  
Dennis Marko Schröter
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Phloem Transport ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Alpine Valley

A bimodal radial growth (RG) pattern, i.e., growth peaks in spring and autumn, was repeatedly found in trees in the Mediterranean regions, where summer drought causes reduction or cessation of cambial activity. In a dry inner Alpine valley of the Eastern Alps (Tyrol, Austria, 750 m asl), Pinus sylvestris shows unimodal RG with onset and cessation of cambial activity in early April and late June, respectively. A resumption of cambial activity after intense summer rainfall was not observed in this region. In a field experiment, we tested the hypothesis that early cessation of cambial activity at this drought-prone site is an adaptation to limited water availability leading to an early and irreversible switch of carbon (C) allocation to belowground. To accomplish this, the C status of young P. sylvestris trees was manipulated by physical blockage of phloem transport (girdling) 6 weeks after cessation of cambial cell division. Influence of manipulated C availability on RG was recorded by stem dendrometers, which were mounted above the girdling zone. In response to blockage of phloem flow, resumption of cambial activity was detected above girdling after about 2 weeks. Although the experimentally induced second growth surge lasted for the same period as in spring (c. 2 months), the increment was more than twice as large due to doubling of daily maximum RG rate. After girdling, wood anatomical traits above girdling no longer showed any significant differences between earlywood and latewood tracheids indicating pronounced effects of C availability on cell differentiation. Below girdling, no reactivation of cambial activity occurred, but cell wall thickness of last formed latewood cell was reduced due to lack of C supply after girdling. Intense RG resumption after girdling indicates that cessation of cambial activity can be reversed by manipulating C status of the stem. Hence, our girdling study yielded strong support for the hypothesis that belowground organs exert high C sink strengths on the drought-prone study site. Furthermore, this work highlights the need of in-depth experimental studies in order to understand the interactions between endogenous and exogenous factors on cambial activity and xylem cell differentiation more clearly.

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