scholarly journals High-Altitude and Long-Distance Flights

Nature ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 135 (3409) ◽  
pp. 335-336
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Long Distance

Mobility in the Mountains: Late Third and Second Millennia Alpine Societies' Engagements with the High-Altitude Zones in the Southern French Alps

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 88-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Walsh ◽  
Florence Mocci
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Fundamental Change ◽  
Homo Economicus ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
French Alps ◽  
The Third ◽  
Economic Practices ◽  
Art Forms ◽  
Burial Rites ◽  
Alpine Space

The assessment of the important changes that occurred in late third and second millennia societies across Europe often emphasizes changes in technology and the emergence of associated objects and art forms, changes in burial rites, and developments in economic practices. Notions relating to the evolution of homo economicus dominate many of the discourses, and the evidence for increased long-distance trade / contact across Europe is used to bolster this assessment. These themes are underpinned by an obsession with ever-refined chrono-typological phases. In an attempt to present a more socially embedded perspective, this paper considers the changes that occurred in the uses of the high-altitude, sub-alpine, and alpine zones in the southern French Alps during the third and second millennia BC. From c. 2500 BC onwards, there was a fundamental change in the use of and engagement with this landscape. The first substantial stone-built pastoral structures at high altitude (2000 m and above), appear at this time. This departure in the use and structuring of the alpine space would have included concomitant changes in the nature of mobility, notions of territory, and memories associated with this area.

Design and Simulation of High Altitude Air-Launched Automatic Underwater Vehicles

2011 ◽  
Vol 128-129 ◽  
pp. 1386-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Jun Pan ◽  
Ying Qing Guo
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Underwater Vehicles ◽  
Simulation System ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Wing Area ◽  
Matlab Simulink ◽  
Six Dof

In this paper, an high altitude air-launched automatic underwater vehicles (AL-AUV) is designed based on the traditional torpedo-like AUV, REMUS. And an additional ex-range gliding wings unit is assembled on the top of AUV, which enable the AUV to be dropped at high altitude and gliding long distance to reach the signed investigating ocean field. The controllable surface on the wings also enhanced the controllability and flexibility of AUV gliding through the air and the ability against the influence of airflow interference. The AUV’s six DOF gliding model is established and a simulation system of AL-AUV is built with Matlab/Simulink. Analyzing the recorded simulation velocity and pitch characteristics of AL-AUV deployed at varying initial velocities and wing area, the optimized wing is selected.

scholarly journals Migrating bats cross top of Europe

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E Zingg ◽  
Fabio Bontadina
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Tadarida Brasiliensis ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Way

Bats have evolved migration to escape unfavourable climatic conditions. However, their migratory flyways and the way how they surmount geographical barriers are still unknown. The Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps is a mountain covered in permafrost (3460m ASL), known colloquially as the “Top of Europe”. Using broadband ultrasound recorders, we tested the occurrence of bats at the high altitude research station. In 36 nights, we recorded 268 bat call sequences of 8 species, including all European long-distance migrant bats. Since no feeding buzzes were recorded, we assume the bats were on transit. This is the first evidence to show that migrating bats can fly at unprecedented altitudes to cross the Alps. This feat outperforms the spectacular behaviour of the high altitude foraging bat Tadarida brasiliensis. Our findings shed light on the bats’ migratory flyways and demonstrate that the field of aeroecology can still uncover unexpected perspectives on the behaviour of bats.

A Comment on the Breeding and Herding of Llamas and Alpacas on the North Coast of Peru

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 832-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Lange Topic ◽  
Thomas H. McGreevy ◽  
John R. Topic
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Coastal Environment ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
The North ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Northern Peru ◽  
North Coast Of Peru

In presenting a case for the viability of llamas on the desert coast of northern Peru in prehispanic times, Shimada and Shimada (1985) suggest that alpacas might also have been adapted to the coastal environment. Alpacas are primarily wool producers however, best adapted to the high altitude pasturelands of central and southern Peru. Wool yarn used in coastal textiles, it is argued, was imported from the highlands. While coastal llama herding is an aspect of regional self-sufficiency, alpaca wool yarn was important in the long distance exchange networks which, in later Andean prehistory, distributed rare materials and products for elite consumption.

Case report on lateral asymmetries in two junior elite long-distance runners during a high-altitude training camp

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Ueberschär ◽  
Daniel Fleckenstein ◽  
Frank Warschun ◽  
Nico Walter ◽  
Matthias W. Hoppe
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Training Camp

scholarly journals Effect of iron supplementation during high altitude training on haemoglobin and iron status of Sri Lankan middle- and long-distance athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
T. D. P. Nandadeva ◽  
A. M. S. D. M. Dissanayake ◽  
A. A. J. Rajaratne ◽  
S. D. I. Nanayakkara
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Altitude Training ◽  
Long Distance

scholarly journals Long-range migration and orientation behavior

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don R. Reynolds ◽  
Jason W. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Migration Behavior ◽  
Orientation Behavior ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Migration System ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods ◽  
Range Migration

The dramatic long-distance flights of butterflies and other large insects, occurring near the ground, have long been regarded as migratory. In contrast, high-altitude wind-borne movements of small insects have often been viewed differently, as uncontrolled or even accidental displacements. This chapter shows how an individual-based behavioral definition provides a unifying framework for these, and other modes of migration in insects and other terrestrial arthropods, and how it can distinguish migration from other types of movement. The chapter highlights some remarkable behavioral phenomena revealed by radar, including sophisticated flight orientations shown by high-flying migrants. Migration behavior is always supported by a suite of morphological, physiological and life-history traits—together forming a ‘migration syndrome’, itself one interacting component of a ‘migration system’. These traits steer the migrants along a ‘population pathway’ through space and time, while natural selection acts contemporaneously, continually modifying behavior and other aspects of the syndrome.

scholarly journals Migrating bats cross top of Europe

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E Zingg ◽  
Fabio Bontadina
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Tadarida Brasiliensis ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Way

Bats have evolved migration to escape unfavourable climatic conditions. However, their migratory flyways and the way how they surmount geographical barriers are still unknown. The Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps is a mountain covered in permafrost (3460m ASL), known colloquially as the “Top of Europe”. Using broadband ultrasound recorders, we tested the occurrence of bats at the high altitude research station. In 36 nights, we recorded 268 bat call sequences of 8 species, including all European long-distance migrant bats. Since no feeding buzzes were recorded, we assume the bats were on transit. This is the first evidence to show that migrating bats can fly at unprecedented altitudes to cross the Alps. This feat outperforms the spectacular behaviour of the high altitude foraging bat Tadarida brasiliensis. Our findings shed light on the bats’ migratory flyways and demonstrate that the field of aeroecology can still uncover unexpected perspectives on the behaviour of bats.

scholarly journals Physiological profile of world-class high-altitude climbers

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1734-1742 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Oelz ◽  
H. Howald ◽  
P. E. Di Prampero ◽  
H. Hoppeler ◽  
H. Claassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
World Class

The functional characteristics of six world-class high-altitude mountaineers were assessed 2–12 mo after the last high-altitude climb. Each climber on one or several occasions had reached altitudes of 8,500 m or above without supplementary O2. Static and dynamic lung volumes and right and left echocardiographic measurements were found to be within normal limits of sedentary controls (SC). Muscle fiber distribution was 70% type I, 22% type IIa, and 7% type IIb. Mean muscle fiber cross-sectional area was significantly smaller than that of SC (-15%) and of long-distance runners (LDR, -51%). The number of capillaries per unit cross-sectional area was significantly greater than that of SC (+ 40%). Total mitochondrial volume was not significantly different from that of SC, but its subsarcolemmal component was equal to that of LDR. Average maximal O2 consumption was 60 +/- 6 ml X kg-1 X min-1, which is between the values of SC and LDR. Average maximal anaerobic power was 28 +/- 2.5 W X kg-1, which is equal to that of SC and 40% lower that that of competitive high jumpers. All subjects were characterized by resting hyperventilation both in normoxia and in moderate (inspired O2 partial pressure = 77 Torr) hypoxia resulting in higher oxyhemoglobin saturation levels in hypoxia. The ventilatory response to four tidal volumes of pure O2 was similar to that of SC. It is concluded that elite high-altitude climbers do not have physiological adaptations to high altitude that justify their unique performance.

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