scholarly journals Wire-Drawing and the Cold Working of Steel

Nature ◽  
1926 ◽  
Vol 117 (2951) ◽  
pp. 718-718
Keyword(s):  
Cold Working ◽  
Wire Drawing

scholarly journals The energy absorbed in the cold working of metals

1933 ◽  
Vol 140 (840) ◽  
pp. 9-25 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Test Piece ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Wire Drawing ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Long Time

It is well known that when ductile metals or alloys are subjected to plastic deformation at room temperature, i. e ., when they are subjected to “cold-working,” considerable quantities of heat are liberated. It has further been suspected for a number of years, and has more recently been experimentally established by the work of Taylor and Farren, that the heat thus generated is less than the equivalent of the mechanical work expended upon the metal. A certain quantity of heat, therefore, is absorbed or becomes latent in the metal as the result of changes which it undergoes during the process of plastic deformation. The amount of heat thus absorbed is small, and is probably of little practical interest, but for theoretical reasons, an accurate determination of the amount of heat which becomes latent in this manner is of importance. One of the present authors became interested in this question some ten years ago on account of the important bearing which a knowledge of the amount of heat which becomes latent in this manner would have upon the theory, first put forward by Beilby, that a certain proportion of metal which undergoes plastic deformation becomes converted from the crystalline into an amorphous condition. Some unpublished results which came to his knowledge at that time suggested that the amount of such latent heat was considerable, and an experimental effort to determine this amount was, therefore, begun. In the earliest attempts a testing machine of the usual type used for engineering purposes was employed, and an endeavour was made to measure the heat generated in a small block of metal, of known dimensions and properties, when compressed by a definite amount. Subsequently, in view of the experimental difficulties encountered in working with small compression pieces, large bars of metals strained in tension were employed. It was found that reasonably satisfactory thermal measurements could be obtained, but with the appliances then employed it was not possible to measure the amount of mechanical work applied to the test piece with sufficient accuracy. While this work was in progress, the results of the investigation of Taylor and Farren were published. These investigators had overcome most of the difficulties which had been encountered, and had succeeded in obtaining results of considerable accuracy. Further experimental work involving the use of tensile test pieces and testing machines was therefore abandoned, and another line of attack was adopted. Although the results of Taylor and Farren are of the greatest interest, it was hoped that other methods of attacking the problem might make it possible to obtain still higher degrees of accuracy. It is obvious that in a tensile test piece the amount of mechanical work which can be done, and the degree of plastic deformation which can be applied to a piece of metal, are very much limited. For instance, even the most ductile sample of metal will usually break before it has been stretched plastically to twice its original length, whereas in such a process as rolling or wire drawing, very much larger amounts of plastic deformation can be applied. The application of a larger amount of plastic deformation also involves the expenditure of a much larger amount of power, and it was hoped that this would make it possible to measure the power used to a higher degree of accuracy. An investigation was therefore begun for the purpose of measuring the heat evolved in the process of wire drawing. This process appeared to be particularly promising for the purpose in question, since the work is applied in the form of a prolonged steady pull which should be capable of accurate measurement and control. Further, the process of plastic deformation takes place in a very small space within the die itself, and this can be immersed in the calorimeter by means of which the total amount of heat generated can be measured. Unfortunately the results obtained have not entirely justified these expectations. The measurement of the mechanical work done in wire drawing has proved to be a matter of much greater difficulty than was anticipated, mainly because it has been found that the resistance encountered by the wire in passing through the die is not sufficiently uniform to allow of the maintenance of a steady and easily measured tension. It will be seen below, however, that this difficulty has been to a large extent overcome by the experimental devices adopted. A more serious difficulty has been that, in such a process as wire drawing, although the amount of heat generated can be made as large as desired by the use of great lengths of wire, the rate at which this heat is generated is not very high. The result is that the rise of temperature in the calorimeter is very gradual, and that the numerous corrections which apply to calorimetric measurements of this sort become of relatively very great importance owing to the long time over which an experiment has to be extended. It is this purely calorimetric difficulty which has served mainly to set a limit to the accuracy attainable by this method in its present form.

Microstructural Development in Nb-Ti Multifilamentary Superconductors During Processing

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 190-191
Author(s):  
A. W. West
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Critical Current Density ◽  
Copper Matrix ◽  
Wire Drawing ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Microstructural Development ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Density Values ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Multifilamentary Superconductors

The influence of the filament microstructure on the critical current density values, Jc, of Nb-Ti multifilamentary superconducting composites has been well documented. However the development of these microstructures during composite processing is still under investigation.During manufacture, the multifilamentary composite is given several heat treatments interspersed in the wire-drawing schedule. Typically, these heat treatments are for 5 to 80 hours at temperatures between 523 and 573K. A short heat treatment of approximately 3 hours at 573K is usually given to the wire at final size. Originally this heat treatment was given to soften the copper matrix, but recent work has shown that it can markedly change both the Jc value and microstructure of the composite.

Wire-drawing

1948 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Wire Drawing

CARLSON ALLOY C600 and C600 ESR

Alloy Digest ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Solid Solution ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Solid Solution Alloy ◽  
Resistance To Oxidation ◽  
Good Workability

Abstract CARLSON ALLOYS C600 AND C600 ESR have excellent mechanical properties from sub-zero to elevated temperatures with excellent resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. It is a solid-solution alloy that can be hardened only by cold working. High strength at temperature is combined with good workability. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and machining. Filing Code: Ni-470. Producer or source: G.O. Carlson Inc.

WIELAND-Z30

Alloy Digest ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Good Strength ◽  
Metalworking Industry

Abstract Wieland-Z30 has good hot and cold working properties and good strength. The alloy is easily machined and used often in the metalworking industry. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CU-735. Producer or source: Wieland Metals Inc., Wieland-Werke AG.

WIELAND-S23

Alloy Digest ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Bend Strength ◽  
Good Strength

Abstract Wieland-S23 has good cold-working properties and good strength. However, the alloy undergoes order strengthening (an ordering reaction that increases strength and decrease ductility ) at intermediate temperatures, so that forming should be done first. Applications include springs and connectors. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and bend strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, machining, and joining. Filing Code: CU-721. Producer or source: Wieland Metals Inc., Wieland-Werke AG.

ANACONDA ALLOY 268

Alloy Digest ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Cold Working ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Zinc Alloy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Cold Worked

Abstract ANACONDA Alloy 268 is a copper-zinc alloy with excellent cold-working properties; it can be cold worked by all the conventional fabrication processes. Its corrosion resistance is excellent-to-good in most environments. This alloy has a wide range of applications including items such as springs, bathroom fixtures, automotive radiators, lamp sockets and sanitary traps. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-442. Producer or source: Anaconda American Brass Company.

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