Are the Fossil Floras of the Arctic Regions Eocene or Miocene? and on the Causes Which Enabled Them to Exist in High Latitudes
              1

J. STARKIE GARDNER

doi:10.1038/019124a0

Arctic flights of the Aries, 1951

Polar Record ◽

10.1017/s0032247400047264 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 6 (44) ◽

pp. 474-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. L. Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Air Force ◽

Practical Experience ◽

Cold Weather ◽

The Arctic ◽

High Latitudes ◽

Royal Air Force ◽

Training Course ◽

Arctic Regions ◽

The World ◽

One Year

The Royal Air Force Flying College at Manby in Lincolnshire, England, was established in 1949. During a training course lasting one year, experienced pilots and navigators study all aspects of the operation of an aircraft as a weapon of war. Such an all-embracing syllabus calls for a knowledge of air operations, backed by practical experience, in all parts of the world. Those taking part are introduced to some of the problems peculiar to cold-weather operation in high latitudes by a number of summer air exercises in the arctic regions, and by liaison flights in the winter months to Alaska and Canada.

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Atmospheric electricity in high latitudes

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character ◽

10.1098/rspa.1905.0014 ◽

1905 ◽

Vol 76 (508) ◽

pp. 160-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Keyword(s):

Recent Work ◽

Sea Level ◽

Daily Variation ◽

Atmospheric Electricity ◽

Potential Gradient ◽

The Arctic ◽

High Latitudes ◽

The North ◽

Arctic Regions ◽

The Earth

The recent work of Elster and Geitel, Ebert and others, has added three new factors to the data for the study of atmospheric electricity, namely:— The rate at which the permanent charge on the surface of the earth is being dissipated into the atmosphere, the state of ionization of the air, and the amount of radio-active emanation in the lower regions of the atmosphere. These three factors have been carefully studied in the temperate zone. With the idea of extending our knowledge of them into the Arctic regions, I was granted permission by the Commissioners of the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship to undertake a year’s work in the Lapp village of Karasjok (69° 17' N.; 25° 35' E.; 129 metres above sea level, and about 200 miles south of the North Cape), The work undertaken consisted of the following:- 1. By means of a Benndorf self-registering electrometer to obtain daily curves of the potential gradient, and from these to calculate the yearly and daily variation. 2. To make systematic observations of the dissipation by means of Elster and Geitel’s instrument. 3. To make corresponding measurements of the ionization with Ebert’s apparatus. 4. To measure the amount of radio-active emanation in the atmosphere. 5. To investigate, as far as possible, the influence of the aurora on the electrical conditions of the atmosphere.

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On Captain Parry’s and Lieutenant Foster’s experiments on the velocity of sound

Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rspl.1815.0335 ◽

1833 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 332-333

Keyword(s):

Barometric Pressure ◽

The Arctic ◽

Theoretical Formula ◽

High Latitudes ◽

Velocity Of Sound ◽

Arctic Regions ◽

Sont Encore ◽

Two Temperatures ◽

The Mean ◽

Very High

In this paper the author institutes a comparison between the results of the experiments on the velocity of sound made by Captain Parry and Lieutenant Foster in the arctic regions, and those deduced from the theoretical formula of Laplace. At the temperature of —17°·72 of Fahrenheit, and with a barometric pressure of 29·936 inches, the mean result of all the observations gave a velocity of 1036°·19 feet per second. With the same data, this velocity, by calculation according to the formula of Laplace, would be 1017·72; differing from the observed velocity by 17·47 feet only. Similar comparisons of particular observations, which are selected as being made under favourable circumstances, with the deductions from theory, are made by the author with but little variation in the results. From the whole investigation, he draws the conclusion, that in very high latitudes, where the cold is very intense, the data on which the calculations are founded are more uncertain than at ordinary temperatures; thus confirming the opinion of Laplace, who says, in speaking of these differences, “qu’elles paraissent être dans les limites des petites erreurs dont cette experience, et les élémens du calcul, dont j’ai fait usage, sont encore susceptibles.” The author shows by an elaborate calculation, that the influence of moisture in the atmosphere on the velocity of sound must at these two temperatures be quite trifling, not amounting in any case to more than a few inches in a second; and that this element may therefore be safely neglected in the computation. He next proceeds to compare the experiments of the northern navigators with those of Dr. Van Beck and himself, and also those of other observers, adverting to their general agreement; which, he observes, is sufficiently satisfactory to warrant the conclusion, that whatever difference may still be found to exist between computation and observation, is rather to be ascribed to some imperfection in the theoretical formula, than to any fault or negligence in the observers. He concludes by remarking the strong testimony which Captain Parry’s observations afford of his exemplary accuracy, amidst the great difficulties with which, from the circumstances in which he was placed, he had generally to contend.

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