scholarly journals Is zjudge a better prime for JUDGE than zudge is?: A new evaluation of current orthographic coding models.

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1252-1266
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Lupker ◽  
Giacomo Spinelli ◽  
Colin J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Orthographic Coding

Orthographic Coding in Illiterates and Literates

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1275-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia ◽  
Karla Orihuela ◽  
Manuel Carreiras
Keyword(s):  
Orthographic Coding

The impact of consonant–vowel transpositions on masked priming effects in Italian and English

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Lucia Colombo ◽  
Giacomo Spinelli ◽  
Stephen J Lupker
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Orthographic Coding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Orthographic Code

There are now a number of reports in the literature that transposed letter (TL) priming effects emerge when two consonants are transposed (e.g., caniso-CASINO) but not when two vowels are transposed (e.g., cinaso-CASINO). In the present article, four masked priming lexical decision experiments, two in Italian and two in English, are reported in which TL priming effects involving the transposition of two adjacent consonants (e.g., atnenna-ANTENNA) were contrasted with those involving the transposition of a vowel and an adjacent consonant (e.g., anetnna-ANTENNA), a contrast not directly examined in the previous literature. In none of the experiments was there any indication that the priming effects were different sizes for the two types of transpositions, including Experiment 4 in which a sandwich priming paradigm was used. These results support the assumption of most orthographic coding models that the consonant–vowel status of the letters is not relevant to the nature of the orthographic code. The question of how to reconcile these results with other TL manipulations investigating vowel versus consonant transpositions is discussed.

scholarly journals Representation of letter and syllable position in Korean orthographic processing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang ◽  
Kathleen Rastle
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Reference Stimulus ◽  
Orthographic Representation ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Processing Stream ◽  
Orthographic Representations ◽  
Orthographic Coding ◽  
Korean Hangul ◽  
Syllable Position

Research suggests that readers of Korean Hangul are characterised by precise orthographic coding. In contrast to findings from many Indo-European languages, the recognition of Hangul words is not speeded by prior masked presentation of transposed-letter or transposed-syllable primes relative to substitution primes. The present studies asked whether evidence for precise orthographic coding is also observed in the same-different task – a task claimed to reflect pre-lexical orthographic representations. Experiments tested whether masked transposed-syllable (Experiment 1) or transposed-letter (Experiment 2) primes facilitate judgments about whether a target matches a reference stimulus. In contrast to previous results using lexical decision, robust transposition effects were observed in both cases compared to substitution primes. These findings add weight to the proposition that position invariance is a universal characteristic of orthographic representation, although results also raise questions about how the orthographic processing stream should be characterised.

Orthographic Coding: Brain Activation for Letters, Symbols, and Digits

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 4748-4760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Carreiras ◽  
Ileana Quiñones ◽  
Juan Andrés Hernández-Cabrera ◽  
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activation ◽  
Orthographic Coding

Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Treatment for Specific Learning Disabilities Involving Impairments in Written and/or Oral Language

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia W. Berninger ◽  
Maggie O'Malley May
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Oral Language ◽  
Specific Learning Disabilities ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Rapid Automatic Naming ◽  
Response To Instruction ◽  
Orthographic Coding ◽  
Language Learning Disability ◽  
Specific Learning

Programmatic, multidisciplinary research provided converging brain, genetic, and developmental support for evidence-based diagnoses of three specific learning disabilities based on hallmark phenotypes (behavioral expression of underlying genotypes) with treatment relevance: dysgraphia (impaired legible automatic letter writing, orthographic coding, and finger sequencing), dyslexia (impaired pseudoword reading, spelling, phonological and orthographic coding, rapid automatic naming, and executive functions; inhibition and rapid automatic switching), and oral and written language learning disability (same impairments as dyslexia plus morphological and syntactic coding and comprehension). Two case studies illustrate how these differential diagnoses can be made within a conceptual framework of a working memory architecture and generate treatment plans that transformed treatment nonresponders into treatment responders. Findings are discussed in reference to the importance of (a) considering individual differences (diagnosis of impaired hallmark phenotypes) in planning and evaluating response to instruction and modifying instruction when a student is not responding; (b) recognizing that teaching may change epigenetic gene expression at one stage of schooling, but not the underlying gene sequences that render individuals still vulnerable as curriculum requirements increase in nature, complexity, and volume in the upper grades; and (c) using evidence-based diagnoses of specific learning disabilities that are consistent across states for free and appropriate education K to 12 and for accommodations throughout higher education and professional credentialing.

The devil is in the details of hand movement

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Cheng Lin ◽  
Ashley S. Bangert ◽  
Ana I. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Letter Position ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Decision Performance ◽  
Lexical Activation ◽  
Orthographic Coding ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
The Devil

Research with native-speaking monolinguals demonstrates that orthographic coding during lexical access is flexible in terms of letter positioning. Evidence for this comes in part from the observation of priming from transposed-letter (TL) non-words (jugde/judge), which is assumed to arise from spread of activation throughout an orthographically-defined neighborhood. The present study tested the hypothesis that, for bilinguals, orthographic coding of letter position is influenced by cross-language lexical activation. TL non-words were created from English-Spanish cognates that differed in their degree of orthographic overlap as well as from non-cognates. In Experiment 1, these served as primes in a masked lexical decision task. In Experiment 2, they were presented as targets in a mouse-tracking lexical decision task. In both experiments Spanish-­English bilinguals’ lexical decision performance reflected greater TL priming for cognates relative to non-cognates and for cognates with more orthographic overlap relative to cognates with less orthographic overlap.

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