Seeing the world through the eyes of an avatar? Comparing perspective taking and referential coding.

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia von Salm-Hoogstraeten ◽  
Katharina Bolzius ◽  
Jochen Müsseler
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
The World ◽  
Referential Coding

Foreign Exchange Policies of PRC: Historical Aspect

2014 ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
A. Binder ◽  
A. Kononov
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The World ◽  
Exchange Policy

The article analyzes the distinctive features of the PRC foreign exchange policy from the historical perspective, taking the national color into account and emphasizing the traditions-modernity unity in its strategy. It reviews the debates over renminbi exchange rate, disclosing the weakness of the modern international foreign exchange law. It systemizes the practices of international pressures applied to China in this aspect. It is stated, that China’s foreign exchange reforming process is of a long-term nature, and it will be completed only by the time the Chinese economy gets adjusted to the world market’s requirements.

Perspective-taking

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Stanghellini
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Mental Condition ◽  
Therapeutic Goal ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Therapeutic Device

This chapter discusses how perspectivism is the device through which each one of us, who first and foremost sees the world from his point of view, is able to recognize that precisely as just one point of view, and thereby to change it. A healthy mental condition implies the ability to change one’s point of view and temporarily take the perspective of another person. The stronger the reciprocity of perspectives between my former and my present ego, and between my own vantage and the Other’s, the weaker the tendency to perceive my motivations as absolutely necessary. Perspectivism allows me to see myself as not strictly determined by the past and by the involuntary, and may restore a sense of agency. This explains why the reciprocity of perspectives is a therapeutic goal and perspectivism—the attempt to see things from the point of view of the Other—is a therapeutic device.

scholarly journals Developing a protocol and experimental setup for using a humanoid robot to assist children with autism to develop visual perspective taking skills

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Jai Wood ◽  
Ben Robins ◽  
Gabriella Lakatos ◽  
Dag Sverre Syrdal ◽  
Abolfazl Zaraki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Visual Perspective Taking ◽  
The World

AbstractVisual Perspective Taking (VPT) is the ability to see the world from another person’s perspective, taking into account what they see and how they see it, drawing upon both spatial and social information. Children with autism often find it difficult to understand that other people might have perspectives, viewpoints, beliefs and knowledge that are different from their own, which is a fundamental aspect of VPT. In this research we aimed to develop a methodology to assist children with autism develop their VPT skills using a humanoid robot and present results from our first long-term pilot study. The games we devised were implemented with the Kaspar robot and, to our knowledge, this is the first attempt to improve the VPT skills of children with autism through playing and interacting with a humanoid robot.We describe in detail the standard pre- and post-assessments that we performed with the children in order to measure their progress and also the inclusion criteria derived fromthe results for future studies in this field. Our findings suggest that some children may benefit from this approach of learning about VPT, which shows that this approach merits further investigation.

scholarly journals Self-regulation via neural simulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (36) ◽  
pp. 10037-10042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gilead ◽  
Chelsea Boccagno ◽  
Melanie Silverman ◽  
Ran R. Hassin ◽  
Jochen Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Neural Simulation ◽  
The World ◽  
Amygdala Activity ◽  
State Inference

Can taking the perspective of other people modify our own affective responses to stimuli? To address this question, we examined the neurobiological mechanisms supporting the ability to take another person’s perspective and thereby emotionally experience the world as they would. We measured participants’ neural activity as they attempted to predict the emotional responses of two individuals that differed in terms of their proneness to experience negative affect. Results showed that behavioral and neural signatures of negative affect (amygdala activity and a distributed multivoxel pattern reflecting affective negativity) simulated the presumed affective state of the target person. Furthermore, the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)—a region implicated in mental state inference—exhibited a perspective-dependent pattern of connectivity with the amygdala, and the multivoxel pattern of activity within the mPFC differentiated between the two targets. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on perspective-taking and self-regulation.

scholarly journals The effects of body direction and posture on taking the perspective of a humanoid avatar in a virtual environment

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261063
Author(s):  
Sachiyo Ueda ◽  
Kazuya Nagamachi ◽  
Junya Nakamura ◽  
Maki Sugimoto ◽  
Masahiko Inami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Visual Perspective Taking ◽  
The World ◽  
Empty Chair ◽  
Direction Judgment

Visual perspective taking is inferring how the world looks to another person. To clarify this process, we investigated whether employing a humanoid avatar as the viewpoint would facilitate an imagined perspective shift in a virtual environment, and which factor of the avatar is effective for the facilitation effect. We used a task that involved reporting how an object looks by a simple direction judgment, either from the avatar’s position or from the position of an empty chair. We found that the humanoid avatar’s presence improved task performance. Furthermore, the avatar’s facilitation effect was observed only when the avatar was facing the visual stimulus to be judged; performance was worse when it faced backwards than when there was only an empty chair facing forwards. This suggests that the avatar does not simply attract spatial attention, but the posture of the avatar is crucial for the facilitation effect. In addition, when the directions of the head and the torso were opposite (i.e., an impossible posture), the avatar’s facilitation effect disappeared. Thus, visual perspective taking might not be facilitated by the avatar when its posture is biomechanically impossible because we cannot embody it. Finally, even when the avatar’s head of the possible posture was covered with a bucket, the facilitation effect was found with the forward-facing avatar rather than the backward-facing avatar. That is, the head/gaze direction cue, or presumably the belief that the visual stimulus to be judged can be seen by the avatar, was not required. These results suggest that explicit perspective taking is facilitated by embodiment towards humanoid avatars.

The effects of body direction and posture on taking the perspective of a humanoid avatar in a virtual environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiyo Ueda ◽  
Kazuya Nagamachi ◽  
Maki Sugimoto ◽  
Masahiko Inami ◽  
Michiteru Kitazaki
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Attention Capture ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Visual Perspective Taking ◽  
The World ◽  
Empty Chair ◽  
Direction Judgment

Abstract Visual perspective taking is inferring how the world looks to another person. To clarify this process, we investigated whether employing a humanoid avatar as the viewpoint would facilitate an imagined perspective shift in a virtual environment. We used a task that involved reporting how an object looks by a simple direction judgment either from the avatar’s position or an empty chair’s position. We found that the humanoid avatar’s presence improved task performance. Furthermore, the avatar’s facilitation effect was observed only when the avatar was facing the visual stimulus to be judged; performance was worse when it faced backwards than when there was only an empty chair faced forwards. When the directions of the head and the torso were opposite (i.e., an impossible posture), the avatar’s facilitation effect disappeared. The performance was better in the order of the condition that both the head and the torso were facing forward, the condition that both the head and the torso were facing backward, the condition that the torso was facing toward the stimulus while the head was facing away, and the condition that the head was facing toward the stimulus while the torso was facing away. Thus, visual perspective taking might not be facilitated by the avatar when its posture is biomechanically impossible. These results suggest that the facilitation effect is based not only on attention capture but also on visual perspective taking of humanoid avatar.

The Effect of Perspective-Taking on Linguistic Intergroup Bias

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costanza Scaffidi Abbate ◽  
Isabella Giammusso ◽  
Stefano Boca
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Level Of Abstraction ◽  
The World ◽  
Linguistic Category Model ◽  
Psychological Experiences ◽  
Linguistic Intergroup Bias

In this experiment, we examined the effect of perspective-taking—actively contemplating others’ psychological experiences—on linguistic intergroup bias. We asked some participants to adopt the perspective of a character (an Italian or a Maghrebian), while others did not receive similar instructions, and complete a short dialogue comprised of a series of vignettes, resulting in a 2 (perspective-taking: presence vs. control) × 2 (group: ingroup vs. outgroup) between-participants design. We analyzed the texts produced on the basis of the linguistic category model. As expected, participants were more likely to describe the outgroup member using less abstract terms when we asked them to take the perspective of a Maghrebian. Since the level of abstraction of the terms used to describe a person’s behavior is considered an index of stereotype use, one might describe Maghrebians less stereotypically when he or she can see the world from their perspective. The results extend previous findings on the role of perspective-taking as it relates to reducing intergroup stereotypes.

Luther’s Hammers: German Academic Historiography and Popular Memory of the Reformation in the Context of its 2017 Anniversary

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-216
Author(s):  
Alexander Schunka
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The World ◽  
Popular Memory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Historical Origins

AbstractThis essay analyses the relationship between scholarly and public treatments of the Lutheran Reformation surrounding its 500th anniversary in Germany in 2017. It aims at critically re-evaluating the celebrations and their media coverage from a historical and historiographical perspective. Taking into account important links between contemporary and earlier forms of German Reformation memory, the chapter first focuses on current views of Martin Luther and the posting of his theses, because both featured prominently during the official celebrations and were meant to link the Lutheran Reformation to modernity. The next part summarizes the historical origins of Luther’s alleged hammering of his theses. The essay then assesses another contested issue; namely a diffusion of Lutheranism from the small town of Wittenberg into Europe and across the world. The final section addresses current historiographical and methodological trends in German Reformation research and how they connect to a public Reformation memory.

Shared Reality: Experiencing Commonality with others' Inner States about the World

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 496-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Echterhoff ◽  
E. Tory Higgins ◽  
John M. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Distributed Knowledge ◽  
Shared Reality ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Sharing ◽  
The Creation

Humans have a fundamental need to experience a shared reality with others. We present a new conceptualization of shared reality based on four conditions. We posit (a) that shared reality involves a (subjectively perceived) commonality of individuals' inner states (not just observable behaviors); (b) that shared reality is about some target referent; (c) that for a shared reality to occur, the commonality of inner states must be appropriately motivated; and (d) that shared reality involves the experience of a successful connection to other people's inner states. In reviewing relevant evidence, we emphasize research on the saying-is-believing effect, which illustrates the creation of shared reality in interpersonal communication. We discuss why shared reality provides a better explanation of the findings from saying-is-believing studies than do other formulations. Finally, we examine relations between our conceptualization of shared reality and related constructs (including empathy, perspective taking, theory of mind, common ground, embodied synchrony, and socially distributed knowledge) and indicate how our approach may promote a comprehensive and differentiated understanding of social-sharing phenomena.

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