The failure of Einstein X-ray observations to detect central neutron stars in most young supernova remnants (Helfand and Becker 1984) has provided interesting constraints on cooling theories (cf. review by Tsuruta 1985). The comparison of the measured fluxes with the predicted effective temperatures is sensitive to the nature of the emitted spectrum, commonly assumed to be blackbody. The presence of a substantial absorbing atmosphere can, however, produce significant departures. We have calculated model atmospheres for unmagnetized neutron stars with effective temperatures 105K ≦ Teff ≦ 106.5K using Los Alamos opacities and equations of state (Romani 1986). We consider a range of surface compositions, since the accretion of ∼10−19M⊙ will cover the surface to the X-ray photosphere and subsequent settling in the strong gravitational field can severely deplete the heavy species. In a low Z atmosphere (eg. He) the measured X-ray flux will substantially exceed the blackbody value–the Einstein limits on Teff are correspondingly lowered (eg. by ∼1.6 for SN1006 with a helium surface). For high Z atmospheres, the flux is close to the black body value, but prominent absorption edges are present. Recent calculations of the electron heat transport in magnetized neutron star envelopes (Hernquist 1984, 1985) have shown that, contrary to earlier estimates, magnetic fields will have a small effect on the heat flux (≳ 3 for parallel field geometries and ∼1 for tangled fields). Extension of the atmosphere computations to the magnetic case is important for comparison with X-ray observations of known pulsars.
Learning from the parallel field of terrorism studies.