scholarly journals What is the structure of perceiver effects? On the importance of global positivity and trait-specificity across personality domains and judgment contexts.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Rau ◽  
Erika N. Carlson ◽  
Mitja D. Back ◽  
Maxwell Barranti ◽  
Jochen E. Gebauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceiver Effects

scholarly journals What influences the referential properties of reflexives and pronouns in Finnish

2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-169
Author(s):  
Elsi Kaiser ◽  
Jeffrey T. Runner ◽  
Rachel S. Sussman ◽  
Michael K. Tanenhaus
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Binding Theory ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Reference Resolution ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Complementary Distribution ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Multiple Factor ◽  
Perceiver Effects

According to standard Binding Theory, pronouns and reflexives are in (nearly) complementary distribution. However, representational NPs (e.g. 'picture of her/herself') allow both. It has been suggested that in English, reflexives in representational NPs (RNPs) have a preference for 'sources of information' and that pronouns prefer 'perceivers of information.' We conducted two experiments investigating the effects of structural and non-structural (source/perceiver) factors on the interpretation of two kinds of RNP structures in a typologically different language, namely Finnish. Our results reveal source/perceiver effects for postnominal but not for prenominal RNPs in Finnish, with a difference in the degree of sensitivity that pronouns and reflexives exhibit to the source/perceiver manipulation, and our results also suggest that morphological differences in Finnish reflexives correspond to interpretation differences. As a whole, these results support a multiple-factor model of reference resolution, which assumes that multiple factors can play a role in reference resolution and that the relative contributions of these factors can be different for different anaphoric forms (Kaiser 2003b, Kaiser & Trueswell in press).  

How children with facial differences are perceived by non-affected children and adolescents: Perceiver effects on stereotypical attitudes

Body Image ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ornella Masnari ◽  
Clemens Schiestl ◽  
Lisa Weibel ◽  
Franziska Wuttke ◽  
Markus A. Landolt
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Facial Differences ◽  
Perceiver Effects

scholarly journals Do Perceiver Effects in Interpersonal Perception Predict Cooperation in Social Dilemmas?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Rau ◽  
Isabel Thielmann ◽  
Simon M. Breil ◽  
Katharina Geukes ◽  
Sascha Krause ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Social Dilemma ◽  
Interpersonal Perception ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Social Relations Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Perceiver Effects

People’s general tendencies to view others as cold-hearted and manipulative (rather than affectionate and trustworthy) may explain defection in social dilemma situations. To capture idiosyncratic tendencies in other-perceptions, we collected mutual judgments in groups of unacquainted individuals in two studies (N1 = 83, N2 = 413) and extracted perceiver effect scores using the Social Relations Model. In both studies, participants later played a public goods game. In Study 1, perceiver effects predicted cooperation beyond self-reported and group-related control variables. However, results were not replicated in a preregistered second study with higher power and a more diverse sample. We discuss implicit group norms as a likely explanation for the inconsistent findings and suggest future directions for addressing generalized expectations in social dilemmas.

scholarly journals Impressions Based on a Portrait Predict, 1-Month Later, Impressions Following a Live Interaction

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gul Gunaydin ◽  
Emre Selcuk ◽  
Vivian Zayas
Keyword(s):  
Person Perception ◽  
Halo Effect ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Behavioral Confirmation ◽  
Personality Judgments ◽  
Target Effects ◽  
Perceiver Effects ◽  
Live Interaction ◽  
Perceived Attractiveness

When it comes to person perception, does one “judge a book by its cover?” Perceivers made judgments of liking, and of personality, based on a photograph of an unknown other, and at least 1 month later, made judgments following a face-to-face interaction with the same person. Photograph-based liking judgments predicted interaction-based liking judgments, and, to a lesser extent, photograph-based personality judgments predicted interaction-based personality judgments (except for extraversion). Consistency in liking judgments (1) partly reflected behavioral confirmation (i.e., perceivers with favorable photograph-based judgments behaved more warmly toward the target during the live interaction, which elicited greater target warmth); (2) explained, at least in part, consistency in personality judgments (reflecting a halo effect); and (3) remained robust even after controlling for perceiver effects, target effects, and perceived attractiveness. These findings support the view that even after having “read a book,” one still, to some extent, judges it by its “cover.”

scholarly journals Preprint and additional materials for: Positivity in peer perceptions over time: Personality explains variation at zero-acquaintance, popularity explains differential change.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Rau ◽  
Erika Carlson ◽  
Michael Dufner ◽  
Katharina Geukes ◽  
Livia Kraft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
Latent Growth ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Latent Growth Curve Modelling ◽  
Growth Curve Modelling ◽  
Random Slopes ◽  
Zero Acquaintance ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Perceiver Effects

People have characteristic ways of perceiving others’ personalities. When judging others on several traits, some perceivers tend to form globally positive and others tend to form globally negative impressions. These differences, often termed perceiver effects, have mostly been conceptualized as a static construct that taps perceivers’ personal stereotypes about the average other. Here, we assessed perceiver effects repeatedly in small groups of strangers who got to know each other over the course of 2 to 3 weeks and examined the degree to which positivity differences were stable vs. developed systematically over time. Using second order latent growth curve modelling, we tested whether initial positivity (i.e., random intercepts) could be explained by several personality variables and whether change (i.e., random slopes) could be explained by these personality variables and by perceivers’ social experiences within the group. Across three studies (ns = 439, 257, and 311), personality variables characterized by specific beliefs about others, such as agreeableness and narcissistic rivalry, were found to explain initial positivity but personality was not reliably linked to changes in positivity over time. Instead, feeling liked and, to a lesser extent, being liked by one’s peers, partially explained changes in positivity. The results suggest that perceiver effects are best conceptualized as reflecting personal generalized stereotypes at an initial encounter but group-specific stereotypes that are fueled by social experiences as groups get acquainted. More generally, these findings suggest that perceiver effects might be a key variable to understanding reciprocal dynamics of small groups and interpersonal functioning.

scholarly journals Perceiver effects in first impressions reflect generalized stereotypes: Evidence of consistency across time, groups, and contexts.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Rau ◽  
Lisa Maria Niemeyer ◽  
Nicole M. Lawless DesJardins ◽  
Sanjay Srivastava ◽  
Mitja Back ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Interpersonal Perception ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Global Evaluation ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Specific Trait ◽  
Item Content ◽  
Rule Out ◽  
Perceiver Effects

In interpersonal perception, perceivers’ tendencies for judging the average target (perceiver effects) are commonly assumed to reflect generalized stereotypes about “the other”. This is empirically supported by findings of consistent rank-orders of perceiver effects across measurement occasions, but previous studies could not rule out important alternative explanations for consistency. Here, we present a strict test of the generalized stereotype account in two studies (ns 146 and 295) in which participants provided mutual impressions in distinct, uniquely composed groups. Results reveal that perceiver effects are quite consistent on the level of global evaluation and acquiescence but less consistent on the level of specific trait- or item-content. The finding that perceivers who saw others in globally positive or negative ways in one situation also saw other targets in similar ways in entirely different situations across time, groups, and contexts is strong evidence for the generalized stereotype account and has vital implications.

scholarly journals Perceiver effects as projective tests: What your perceptions of others say about you.

2010 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Wood ◽  
Peter Harms ◽  
Simine Vazire
Keyword(s):  
Projective Tests ◽  
Perceiver Effects

scholarly journals Perceiver Effects in Person Perception Reflect Acquiescence, Positivity, and Trait-Specific Content: Evidence From a Large-Scale Replication Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110391
Author(s):  
Magdalena Heynicke ◽  
Richard Rau ◽  
Daniel Leising ◽  
Nele Wessels ◽  
Anne Wiedenroth
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Replication Study ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Average Person ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Specific Trait ◽  
Perceiver Effects

Person judgments reflect perceiver effects: differences in how perceivers judge the average person. The factorial structure of such effects is still discussed. We present a large-scale, preregistered replication study using over 1 million person judgments (different groups of 200 perceivers judged 200 targets in one of 20 situations, using 30 personality items). Results unanimously favored a model comprising three systematic components: acquiescence (endorsing all items more than other perceivers), positivity (endorsing positive over negative items), and trait specificity (endorsing items reflecting a specific trait more). The latter two factors each accounted for approximately a quarter of the variance in perceiver effects, and acquiescence accounted for less than 10%. Positivity was more influential for evaluative items and was strongly associated with how likable perceivers found their targets to be ( r = .55). With considerable statistical power and generalizability, our findings significantly improve the knowledge base regarding the structure of perceiver effects.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document