scholarly journals Stability of genetic and environmental influences on executive functions in midlife.

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Gustavson ◽  
Matthew S. Panizzon ◽  
Jeremy A. Elman ◽  
Carol E. Franz ◽  
Chandra A. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Environmental Influences

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Executive Functions and Intelligence in the ABCD Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha M Freis ◽  
Claire Morrison ◽  
Jeffrey M. Lessem ◽  
John K. Hewitt ◽  
Naomi P. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Twin Studies

Executive functions (EFs) and intelligence (IQ) are phenotypically correlated and heritable; however, they show variable genetic correlations in twin studies spanning childhood to middle age. We analyzed data from over 11,000 children (9-10-year-olds, including 749 twin pairs) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to examine the phenotypic and genetic relations between EFs and IQ in childhood. We identified two EF factors – Common EF and Updating-Specific, which were both related to IQ (rs = .64-.81). Common EF and IQ were heritable (53-67%), and their genetic correlation (rG = .86) was not significantly different than 1. These results suggest that EFs and IQ are phenotypically but not genetically separable in middle childhood.

scholarly journals Genetic and environmental influences on executive functions and intelligence in middle childhood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha M. Freis ◽  
Claire L. Morrison ◽  
Jeffrey M. Lessem ◽  
John K. Hewitt ◽  
Naomi P. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Environmental Influences

Zum Zusammenhang exekutiver Funktionen und sozial-emotionaler Auffälligkeiten bei integriert beschulten Kindern mit einer Hörschädigung

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-359
Author(s):  
Manfred Hintermair ◽  
Désirée Korneffel
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties Questionnaire ◽  
Behavior Rating ◽  
Exekutive Funktionen ◽  
Psychosoziale Entwicklung ◽  
Behavior Rating Inventory ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties

Fragestellung: Da im Zuge inklusiver Bestrebungen immer mehr hörgeschädigte Kinder eine allgemeine Schule besuchen werden, gilt es, relevante entwicklungspsychologische Voraussetzungen hierfür genauer zu betrachten. In einer Studie wurden deshalb sozial-emotionale Probleme hörgeschädigter Kinder an allgemeinen Schulen im Zusammenhang mit möglichen Problemen in der Entwicklung exekutiver Funktionen und der kommunikativen Kompetenz diskutiert. Methodik: Eine Stichprobe von 69 Schülern wurde mit einer deutschen Version des «Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functions (BRIEF)», einer Kurzskala zur Erfassung der kommunikativen Kompetenz sowie dem Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire untersucht. Die Daten wurden mit einer Normierungsstichprobe verglichen, weiter wurden korrelative und regressionsanalytische Zusammenhänge der Variablen berechnet. Ebenso wurden Zusammenhänge der exekutiven Funktionen mit soziodemographischen Variablen analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass in fast allen Bereichen exekutiver Funktionen die hörgeschädigten Kinder mehr Probleme aufweisen als die Kinder der hörenden Normierungsstichprobe und die Prävalenzrate durchschnittlich ca. dreimal höher ist. Der Index für verhaltensregulierende exekutive Funktionen erweist sich neben dem Geschlecht am besten zur Vorhersage sozial-emotionaler Probleme. Schlussfolgerungen: Für die pädagogische Praxis ergibt sich, dass hörgeschädigte Schüler an allgemeinen Schulen in Bezug auf ihre psychosoziale Entwicklung von einem pädagogischen Konzept profitieren, das neben der Förderung sprachkommunikativer Kompetenzen auch auf die Stärkung von Selbstkontrolle und Selbstwirksamkeit der Kinder fokussiert.

Time-Based Measures of Monitoring in Association With Executive Functions in Kindergarten Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Kälin ◽  
Claudia M. Roebers
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Metacognitive Monitoring

Abstract. Repeatedly, the notion has been put forward that metacognition (MC) and executive functions (EF) share common grounds, as both describe higher order cognitive processes and involve monitoring. However, only few studies addressed this issue empirically and so far their findings are rather inconsistent. Addressing the question whether measurement differences may in part be responsible for the mixed results, the current study included explicitly reported as well as time-based measures of metacognitive monitoring and related them to EF. A total of 202 children aged 4–6 years were assessed in terms of EF (inhibition, working memory, shifting) and monitoring. While there was no significant link between explicitly reported confidence and EF, latencies of monitoring judgments were significantly related to time- and accuracy-based measures of EF. Our findings support the association between EF and MC and the assumption that better inhibition abilities help children to engage in more thorough monitoring.

Effects of Fatigue on Cognitive Performance in Long-Duration Simulated Flight Missions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Eduardo Rosa ◽  
Ola Eiken ◽  
Mikael Grönkvist ◽  
Roger Kölegård ◽  
Nicklas Dahlström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Fatigue Index ◽  
Fighter Aircraft ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Metacognitive Accuracy

Abstract. Fighter pilots may be exposed to extended flight missions. Consequently, there is increasing concern about fatigue. We investigated the effects of fatigue and cognitive performance in a simulated 11-hr mission in the 39 Gripen fighter aircraft. Five cognitive tasks were used to assess cognitive performance. Fatigue was measured with the Samn–Perelli Fatigue Index. Results showed that performance in the non-executive task degraded after approximately 7 hr. Fatigue ratings showed a matching trend to the performance in this task. Performance in tasks taxing executive functions did not decline. We interpreted that fatigue can be overridden by increased attentional effort for executive tasks but not for non-executive components of cognition. Participants underestimated their performance and metacognitive accuracy was not influenced by fatigue.

Behavioral Testing of Mice Concerning Anxiety and Depression

2015 ◽  
Vol 223 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Schweinfurth ◽  
Undine E. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Sickness Behavior ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Behavioral Testing ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Animal Trials ◽  
Resilience Factors

Abstract. In the development of new psychiatric drugs and the exploration of their efficacy, behavioral testing in mice has always shown to be an inevitable procedure. By studying the behavior of mice, diverse pathophysiological processes leading to depression, anxiety, and sickness behavior have been revealed. Moreover, laboratory research in animals increased at least the knowledge about the involvement of a multitude of genes in anxiety and depression. However, multiple new possibilities to study human behavior have been developed recently and improved and enable a direct acquisition of human epigenetic, imaging, and neurotransmission data on psychiatric pathologies. In human beings, the high influence of environmental and resilience factors gained scientific importance during the last years as the search for key genes in the development of affective and anxiety disorders has not been successful. However, environmental influences in human beings themselves might be better understood and controllable than in mice, where environmental influences might be as complex and subtle. The increasing possibilities in clinical research and the knowledge about the complexity of environmental influences and interferences in animal trials, which had been underestimated yet, question more and more to what extent findings from laboratory animal research translate to human conditions. However, new developments in behavioral testing of mice involve the animals’ welfare and show that housing conditions of laboratory mice can be markedly improved without affecting the standardization of results.

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