Black adolescents’ anticipatory stress responses to multilevel racism: The role of racial identity.

Immigration law and enforcement choices have enhanced the salience of Latino racial identity in the United States. Yet, to date, courts and administrative agencies have proven remarkably reluctant to confront head on the role of race in immigration enforcement practices. Courts improperly conflate legal nationality and ‘national origin’, thereby cloaking in legality impermissible profiling based on national origin. Courts also maintain the primacy of purported security concerns over the equal protection concerns raised by racial profiling in routine immigration enforcement activities. This, in turn, promotes racially motivated policing practices, reifying both racial distinctions and racial discrimination. Drawing on textual analysis of judicial decisions as well as on interviews with immigrants and immigrant justice organization staff in California, this chapter illustrates how courts contribute to racialized immigration enforcement practices, and explores how those practices affect individual immigrants’ articulation of racial identity and their perceptions of race and racial hierarchy in their communities.

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Flavonoids: Potential Candidates for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9020099 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 99

Author(s):

Shweta Devi ◽

Vijay Kumar ◽

Sandeep Kumar Singh ◽

Ashish Kant Dubey ◽

Jong-Joo Kim

Keyword(s):

Stress Response ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽

Cell Damage ◽

Cellular Stress ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Cellular Stress Response ◽

Dramatic Rise ◽

Cellular Stress Responses

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD), are the most concerning disorders due to the lack of effective therapy and dramatic rise in affected cases. Although these disorders have diverse clinical manifestations, they all share a common cellular stress response. These cellular stress responses including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, proteotoxicity, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress, which combats with stress conditions. Environmental stress/toxicity weakened the cellular stress response which results in cell damage. Small molecules, such as flavonoids, could reduce cellular stress and have gained much attention in recent years. Evidence has shown the potential use of flavonoids in several ways, such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic, yet their mechanism is still elusive. This review provides an insight into the potential role of flavonoids against cellular stress response that prevent the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.

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Mitochondrial Sirtuins in Reproduction

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10071047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1047

Author(s):

Giovanna Di Emidio ◽

Stefano Falone ◽

Paolo Giovanni Artini ◽

Fernanda Amicarelli ◽

Anna Maria D’Alessandro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Responses ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Redox Balance ◽

Antioxidant Defenses ◽

Metabolic Abnormalities ◽

Female Reproduction ◽

Mitochondrial Dysfunctions ◽

Early Embryos ◽

The Relationship

Mitochondria act as hubs of numerous metabolic pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunctions contribute to altering the redox balance and predispose to aging and metabolic alterations. The sirtuin family is composed of seven members and three of them, SIRT3-5, are housed in mitochondria. They catalyze NAD+-dependent deacylation and the ADP-ribosylation of mitochondrial proteins, thereby modulating gene expression and activities of enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism and stress responses. In this context, mitochondrial sirtuins (mtSIRTs) act in synergistic or antagonistic manners to protect from aging and aging-related metabolic abnormalities. In this review, we focus on the role of mtSIRTs in the biological competence of reproductive cells, organs, and embryos. Most studies are focused on SIRT3 in female reproduction, providing evidence that SIRT3 improves the competence of oocytes in humans and animal models. Moreover, SIRT3 protects oocytes, early embryos, and ovaries against stress conditions. The relationship between derangement of SIRT3 signaling and the imbalance of ROS and antioxidant defenses in testes has also been demonstrated. Very little is known about SIRT4 and SIRT5 functions in the reproductive system. The final goal of this work is to understand whether sirtuin-based signaling may be taken into account as potential targets for therapeutic applications in female and male infertility.

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Loss of mGluR5 in D1 Receptor-Expressing Neurons Improves Stress Coping

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22157826 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (15) ◽

pp. 7826

Author(s):

Luca Zangrandi ◽

Claudia Schmuckermair ◽

Hussein Ghareh ◽

Federico Castaldi ◽

Regine Heilbronn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Responses ◽

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Functional Integration ◽

D1 Receptor ◽

Conditional Knockout ◽

Stress Coping ◽

Metabotropic Glutamate ◽

Internal States

The metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) has been proposed to play a crucial role in the selection and regulation of cognitive, affective, and emotional behaviors. However, the mechanisms by which these receptors mediate these effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we studied the role of mGluR5 located in D1 receptor-expressing (D1) neurons in the manifestation of different behavioral expressions. Mice with conditional knockout (cKO) of mGluR5 in D1 neurons (mGluR5D1 cKO) and littermate controls displayed similar phenotypical profiles in relation to memory expression, anxiety, and social behaviors. However, mGluR5D1 cKO mice presented different coping mechanisms in response to acute escapable or inescapable stress. mGluR5D1 cKO mice adopted an enhanced active stress coping strategy upon exposure to escapable stress in the two-way active avoidance (TWA) task and a greater passive strategy upon exposure to inescapable stress in the forced swim test (FST). In summary, this work provides evidence for a functional integration of the dopaminergic and glutamatergic system to mediate control over internal states upon stress exposure and directly implicates D1 neurons and mGluR5 as crucial mediators of behavioral stress responses.

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Possible Role of Peroxynitrite in the Responses Induced by Fusicoccin in Plant Cultured Cells

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10010182 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 182 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Massimo Malerba ◽

Raffaella Cerana

Keyword(s):

Cytochrome C ◽

Dna Fragmentation ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Molecular Chaperones ◽

Caspase 3 ◽

Cultured Cells ◽

Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽

Cytochrome C Release ◽

Induced Stress

Fusicoccin (FC) is a well-known phytotoxin able to induce in Acer pseudoplatanus L. (sycamore) cultured cells, a set of responses similar to those induced by stress conditions. In this work, the possible involvement of peroxynitrite (ONOO−) in FC-induced stress responses was studied measuring both in the presence and in the absence of 2,6,8-trihydroxypurine (urate), a specific ONOO− scavenger: (1) cell death; (2) specific DNA fragmentation; (3) lipid peroxidation; (4) production of RNS and ROS; (5) activity of caspase-3-like proteases; and (6) release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, variations in the levels of molecular chaperones Hsp90 in the mitochondria and Hsp70 BiP in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and of regulatory 14-3-3 proteins in the cytosol. The obtained results indicate a role for ONOO− in the FC-induced responses. In particular, ONOO− seems involved in a PCD form showing apoptotic features such as specific DNA fragmentation, caspase-3-like protease activity, and cytochrome c release from mitochondria.

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Insights into the Role of Gasotransmitters Mediating Salt Stress Responses in Plants

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation ◽

10.1007/s00344-020-10293-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Suhas Balasaheb Karle ◽

Akankhya Guru ◽

Padmanabh Dwivedi ◽

Kundan Kumar

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Stress Responses

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