Influence of a stimulus variable on stories told to certain TAT pictures.

1955 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lynn Newbigging
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Variable

Relative Effectiveness of Three Stimulus Variables for Locating a Moving Sound Source

Perception ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence D Rosenblum ◽  
Claudia Carello ◽  
Richard E Pastore
Keyword(s):  
Sound Source ◽  
Doppler Effect ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Amplitude Change ◽  
Temporal Differences ◽  
Environmental Situation ◽  
Stimulus Variable ◽  
The Doppler Effect ◽  
Moving Sound Source

A study is reported in which it is shown that observers can use at least three types of acoustic variables that indicate reliably when a moving sound source is passing: interaural temporal differences, the Doppler effect, and amplitude change. Each of these variables was presented in isolation and each was successful in indicating when a (simulated) moving sound source passed an observer. These three variables were put into competition (with each indicating that closest passage occurred at a different time) in an effort to determine their relative importance. It was found that amplitude change dominated interaural temporal differences which, in turn, dominated the Doppler effect stimulus variable. The results are discussed in terms of two interpretations. First, it is possible that subjects based their judgements on the potential discriminability of each stimulus variable. However, because the stimuli used involved easily discriminable changes, subjects may instead have based their judgements on the independence of a stimulus variable from different environmental situation conditions. The dominance ordering obtained supports the second interpretation.

Determinants of Infants' Understanding of Supporting Relations: Amount of Contact versus Position of the Center of Gravity

2001 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Dan ◽  
Takahide Omori ◽  
Yoshikazu Tomiyasu
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Gravity ◽  
Simple Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Variable ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Support Relation

This study investigated the developmental age at which infants recognize about supporting relations between objects and what information they use to judge whether a supported object will fall down or not. Four kinds of events were used. All events involved support in relation of two boxes, which differed in the amount of contact between objects and the amount of discrepancy between the supported object's position and its most balanced position. 115 infants (3 to 13 mo.) saw 4 events which differed on these two variables. Infants 10 months and older looked longer at the event in which the center of a supported box was just outside of the edge of a supporting box, that is, a support relation in which it was difficult to anticipate whether the box would fall down or not. Analysis suggested that infants' attention is not determined by only one simple stimulus variable but by more complicated variables (such as uncertainty of prediction).

Mutual Information, Fisher Information, and Efficient Coding

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-Xin Wei ◽  
Alan A. Stocker
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Information ◽  
Fisher Information ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Population Coding ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Small Noise ◽  
Efficient Coding ◽  
Coding Efficiency ◽  
Stimulus Variable ◽  
Neural Populations

Fisher information is generally believed to represent a lower bound on mutual information (Brunel & Nadal, 1998 ), a result that is frequently used in the assessment of neural coding efficiency. However, we demonstrate that the relation between these two quantities is more nuanced than previously thought. For example, we find that in the small noise regime, Fisher information actually provides an upper bound on mutual information. Generally our results show that it is more appropriate to consider Fisher information as an approximation rather than a bound on mutual information. We analytically derive the correspondence between the two quantities and the conditions under which the approximation is good. Our results have implications for neural coding theories and the link between neural population coding and psychophysically measurable behavior. Specifically, they allow us to formulate the efficient coding problem of maximizing mutual information between a stimulus variable and the response of a neural population in terms of Fisher information. We derive a signature of efficient coding expressed as the correspondence between the population Fisher information and the distribution of the stimulus variable. The signature is more general than previously proposed solutions that rely on specific assumptions about the neural tuning characteristics. We demonstrate that it can explain measured tuning characteristics of cortical neural populations that do not agree with previous models of efficient coding.

scholarly journals FACTORS THAT AFFECT FINANCIAL DISTRESS IN INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 306-315
Author(s):  
Yoyo Susdaryo ◽  
Nunung Ayu Sofiati ◽  
Ita Kumaratih ◽  
Nandan Limakrisna ◽  
Mohd Hassan Che Haat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Company Size ◽  
Stimulus Variable ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Economic Stimulus ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

The results show that, it is proven that the variable liquidity and interest rates have a negative effect on financial distress. Meanwhile, the variables of Profitability, Leverage and Company Size have a positive effect on financial distress. While the Economic Stimulus variable is known to be the relationship between all variables of Liquidity, Profitability, Leverage, Company Size and Interest Rate on variables to Financial Distress. This means that company leaders must take into account liquidity, profitability, leverage, company size and interest rates to avoid financial distress.

Beardedness as a Stimulus Variable: Note on Methodology and Meta-Analysis of Impression-Formation Data

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Pellegrini
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Stimulus Variable ◽  
The Social ◽  
Developmental Characteristics ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Apparently contradictory results have been obtained in studies of beardedness as a factor affecting impressions of men's personalities. Addison's (1989) attempt to account for this incongruence has focused on cognitive-developmental characteristics of subjects tested in relevant studies. An alternative to Addison's explanation, based on methodological considerations other than sampling, is suggested here. Broader implications of research on beardedness for conceptual meta-analysis in the social psychology of impression-formation are also discussed.

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