A comparative study of the educational attainment of negro and white children.

1927 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 497-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Witty ◽  
A. I. Decker
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
White Children

scholarly journals Parental Educational Attainment, the Superior Temporal Cortical Surface Area and Reading Ability among American Children: A Test of Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari ◽  
Shanika Boyce ◽  
Mohsen Bazargan ◽  
Alvin Thomas ◽  
Ryon Cobb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Cortical Surface ◽  
White Children ◽  
Cortical Surface Area ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Parental Educational Attainment ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background: Recent studies have shown that parental educational attainment is associated with a larger superior temporal cortical surface area associated with higher reading ability in children. Simultaneously, the marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) framework suggests that, due to structural racism and social stratification, returns of parental education are smaller for black and other racial/ethnic minority children compared to their white counterparts. Purpose: This study used a large national sample of 9–10-year-old American children to investigate associations between parental educational attainment, the right and left superior temporal cortical surface area, and reading ability across diverse racial/ethnic groups. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 10,817 9–10-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Parental educational attainment was treated as a five-level categorical variable. Children’s right and left superior temporal cortical surface area and reading ability were continuous variables. Race/ethnicity was the moderator. To adjust for the nested nature of the ABCD data, mixed-effects regression models were used to test the associations between parental education, superior temporal cortical surface area, and reading ability overall and by race/ethnicity. Results: Overall, high parental educational attainment was associated with greater superior temporal cortical surface area and reading ability in children. In the pooled sample, we found statistically significant interactions between race/ethnicity and parental educational attainment on children’s right and left superior temporal cortical surface area, suggesting that high parental educational attainment has a smaller boosting effect on children’s superior temporal cortical surface area for black than white children. We also found a significant interaction between race and the left superior temporal surface area on reading ability, indicating weaker associations for Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AIAN/NHPI) than white children. We also found interactions between race and parental educational attainment on reading ability, indicating more potent effects for black children than white children. Conclusion: While parental educational attainment may improve children’s superior temporal cortical surface area, promoting reading ability, this effect may be unequal across racial/ethnic groups. To minimize the racial/ethnic gap in children’s brain development and school achievement, we need to address societal barriers that diminish parental educational attainment’s marginal returns for middle-class minority families. Social and public policies need to go beyond equal access and address structural and societal barriers that hinder middle-class families of color and their children. Future research should test how racism, social stratification, segregation, and discrimination, which shape the daily lives of non-white individuals, take a toll on children’s brains and academic development.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Child’s Nourishment Methodology

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-29
Author(s):  
Mary Day E. Florano
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Mixed Feeding ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Demographic Profile ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Significant Difference

This research undertaking attempted to determine the Comparative Study of Child’s, Nourishment Methodology in Calbayog City. Specifically, it tried to determine the demographic profile of lactating mothers in terms of their age, number of child, occupation, monthly income, marital status and educational attainment; to determine the status of child nourishment; to identify the attitudes of the lactating mothers towards three (3) feeding practices, namely:  pure breastfeeding, bottle feeding and    mixed feeding; to determine the breastfeeding practices of the lactating mothers; to identify common illness of children from 0 - 2 years old; to find out the significant   difference in the child nourishment methodology when lactating mothers are group   into pure, mixed and bottle fed; to determine significant relationship between the respondent’s demographic profile and their nourishment attitude and practices. A total of 96 lactating mothers with children 0 – 2 years old served as respondents of this study. This study utilized the descriptive – correlation method of research using a set of questionnaire checklist made and validated by the researcher. The statistical tool used was the chi – square test to determine the significant   difference and relationship between independent variables and the dependent variables. The independent variables   included   the demographic profile on age, marital status, occupation, monthly income and educational attainment. Also considered as independent variables were the feeding attitudes and practices of lactating mothers.  The dependent variable on the other hand was the child’s nourishment     categorized   as over nourished, normal, well– nourished and undernourished. Based on actual findings, a majority of the respondents belonged to the stage of young – adulthood, with ages ranging from 26 – 29 years old. Most of them were plain housewives and college graduates. Their income ranged from P500 –2,399. Since most of them are practicing the family planning method, they were found to have only 1 – 2 children and only one (1) respondent had ten (10) children. Most of   the respondents were married and some were single and separated. Concerning the breastfeeding attitudes and practices of   lactating mothers, a majority of them were uncertain when asked about some of the attitudes in breastfeeding.  Their answer pointed out that it causes sagging of the breast, affects mother’s figure, and causes loss of weight for mothers and male infants when breastfed were more obedient and respectful. Most of them strongly agreed about an attitude that breastfeeding is economical and less expensive.  A majority of the respondents disagreed that it increased the size of the other’s breast. Most agreed that breastfeeding helped in preventing   pregnancy.  They also agreed that breastfeeding is   done whenever the   baby demanded for it.  It helped   prevent diarrhea; and it is practical to enhance bonding between the mother and the baby. Most were uncertain that breastfeeding is done to relieve soreness of breast.  Some said it is not done when the mother is angry and the mother should not drink cold water since it stops the flow of breast milk. The common health problems that were identified were the respiratory or gastrointestinal problems which were commonly observed among bottle-fed infants, as well as those who practiced mixed feeding. A significant difference was seen among children when grouped according to feeding method. As to relationship, out of 8 independent variables, six (6) were found to be significantly related, these were the number of children, marital status, monthly income, occupation, attitudes and practices. However, two (2) independent variables such as age and educational attainment were found to be not significant.

The Grammatic Closure Subtest of the ITPA: A Comparative Study of Black and White Children

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen South Arnold ◽  
Lauren Reed
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Black Children ◽  
Black English ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Age Group ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Diagnostic Applications ◽  
Grade Placement

This study investigated the performance of black children and white children on the grammatic closure subtest of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities. Ninety-six children, who were attending kindergarten, second, and fourth grades, were examined. They were equally divided for sex, race, and grade placement. Results indicated that kindergarten children, regardless of race and sex, performed similarly; however, black children of both sexes did significantly poorer than white children in higher grades. When allowances were made for some black English responses, however, all children in each age-group performed similarly. Implications for diagnostic applications are discussed.

Author response for "Laminar distribution of cortical projection neurons to the pulvinar: A comparative study in cats and mice"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Oliveira Ferreira de Souza ◽  
Éve‐Marie Frigon ◽  
Robert Tremblay‐Laliberté ◽  
Christian Casanova ◽  
Denis Boire
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Cortical Projection ◽  
Laminar Distribution
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