Ontogenetic development and maintenance of compensatory eye movements in complete absence of the optic nerve.

1946 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Sperry
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ontogenetic Development

scholarly journals Predictions of Optic Nerve Traction Forces and Peripapillary Tissue Stresses Following Horizontal Eye Movements

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
Liam K. Fisher ◽  
Dan Milea ◽  
Jost B. Jonas ◽  
Michaël J. A. Girard
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Traction Forces ◽  
Tissue Stresses

scholarly journals Gaze-evoked deformations of the optic nerve head in thyroid eye disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam K. Fisher ◽  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
Tin A. Tun ◽  
Hsi-Wei Chung ◽  
Dan Milea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Optic Nerve Head ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Thyroid Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Angle Measurements

AbstractPurposeTo assess gaze evoked deformations of the optic nerve head (ONH) in thyroid eye disease (TED), using computational modelling and optical coherence tomography (OCT).MethodsMultiple finite element models were constructed: One model of a healthy eye, and two models mimicking effects of TED; one with proptosis and another with extraocular tissue stiffening. Two additional hypothetical models had extraocular tissue softening or no extraocular tissue at all. Horizontal eye movements were simulated in these models.OCT images of the ONH of 10 healthy volunteers and 1 patient with TED were taken in primary gaze. Additional images were recorded in the same subjects performing eye movements in adduction and abduction.The resulting ONH deformation in the models and human subjects was measured by recording the ‘tilt angle’ (relative antero-posterior deformation of the Bruch’s membrane opening). Effective stress was measured in the peripapillary sclera of the models.ResultsIn our computational models the eyes with proptosis and stiffer extraocular tissue had greater gaze-evoked deformations than the healthy eye model, while the models with softer or no extraocular tissue had lesser deformations, in both adduction and abduction. Scleral stress correlated with the tilt angle measurements.In healthy subjects, the mean tilt angle was 1.46° ± 0.25 in adduction and −0.42° ± 0.12 in abduction. The tilt angle measured in the subject with TED was 5.37° in adduction and −2.21° in abduction.ConclusionsComputational modelling and experimental observation suggest that TED can cause increased gaze-evoked deformations of the ONH.

scholarly journals In Vivo 3-Dimensional Strain Mapping Confirms Large Optic Nerve Head Deformations Following Horizontal Eye Movements

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (13) ◽  
pp. 5825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
Meghna R. Beotra ◽  
Tin Aung Tun ◽  
Mani Baskaran ◽  
Shamira Perera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Optic Nerve Head ◽  
Strain Mapping ◽  
3 Dimensional

scholarly journals Finite Element Analysis Predicts Large Optic Nerve Head Strains During Horizontal Eye Movements

2016 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 2452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
Helmut Rumpel ◽  
Winston Eng Hoe Lim ◽  
Mani Baskaran ◽  
Shamira A. Perera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Optic Nerve Head ◽  
Element Analysis

scholarly journals Changes in the optic nerve head induced by horizontal eye movements

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. e0204069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won June Lee ◽  
Yu Jeong Kim ◽  
Ji Hong Kim ◽  
Sunjin Hwang ◽  
Seung Hak Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Optic Nerve Head

scholarly journals Gaze-evoked deformations of the optic nerve head in thyroid eye disease

2021 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-318246
Author(s):  
Liam K Fisher ◽  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
Tin A Tun ◽  
Hsi-Wei Chung ◽  
Dan Milea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Optic Nerve Head ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Thyroid Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
The Subject

PurposeTo assess gaze evoked deformations of the optic nerve head (ONH) in thyroid eye disease (TED), using computational modelling and optical coherence tomography (OCT).MethodsMultiple finite element models were constructed: one model of a healthy eye, and two models mimicking effects of TED; one with proptosis and another with extraocular tissue stiffening. Two additional hypothetical models had extraocular tissue softening or no extraocular tissue at all. Horizontal eye movements were simulated in these models. OCT images of the ONH of 10 healthy volunteers and 1 patient with TED were taken in primary gaze. Additional images were recorded in the same subjects performing eye movements in adduction and abduction. The resulting ONH deformation in the models and human subjects was measured by recording the ‘tilt angle’ (relative antero-posterior deformation of the Bruch’s membrane opening).ResultsIn our computational models the eyes with proptosis and stiffer extraocular tissue had greater gaze-evoked deformations than the healthy eye model, while the models with softer or no extraocular tissue had lesser deformations, in both adduction and abduction. In healthy subjects, the mean tilt angle was 1.46°±0.25 in adduction and −0.42°±0.12 in abduction. The tilt angle measured in the subject with TED was 5.37° in adduction and −2.21° in abduction.ConclusionComputational modelling and experimental observation suggest that TED can cause increased gaze-evoked deformations of the ONH.

scholarly journals Optic Nerve Tortuosity and Globe Proptosis in Normal and Glaucoma Subjects

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Wang ◽  
Helmut Rumpel ◽  
Mani Baskaran ◽  
Tin A Tun ◽  
Nicholas Strouthidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Optic Nerve Head ◽  
Primary Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Optic Nerves

AbstractPurposeTo assess the difference in optic nerve tortuosity during eye movements and globe proptosis between primary open angle glaucoma and normal subjects using orbital magnetic resonance imaging.Methods10 Chinese subjects matched for age, ethnicity and refractive errors were recruited, including five normal controls and five patients with primary open angle glaucoma. All subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging to assess their optic nerves and globes for three eye positions: primary gaze, adduction and abduction. Optic nerve tortuosity (optic nerve length divided by the distance between two ends) and globe proptosis (maximum distance between cornea and interzygomatic line) were measured from magnetic resonance imaging images.ResultsIn adduction, the tortuosity of normal eyes was significantly larger than that of the glaucomatous eyes. Optic nerve tortuosity in adduction in the control and glaucoma groups were 1.004±0.003 (mean ± standard deviation) and 1.001±0.001, respectively (p=0.037). Globe proptosis (primary gaze) in glaucoma subjects (19.14±2.11 mm) was significantly higher than that in control subjects (15.32±2.79 mm; p = 0.046).ConclusionsIn this sample, subjects with glaucoma exhibited more taut optic nerves and more protruding eye globes compared to normal eyes. This may impact optic nerve head deformations in anatomically predisposed patients.PrécisEyes with glaucoma have tauter optic nerves compared with normal eyes, which may exert more force on the optic nerve head tissues during eye movements.

scholarly journals A case of occult bilateral optic nerve aplasia with pituitary dysfunction: hidden anomaly missed on ultrasound

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e232839
Author(s):  
Harsha Saxena ◽  
Brijesh Takkar ◽  
Amber Kumar ◽  
Radha Sarawagi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Pituitary Dysfunction ◽  
Life Threatening

We report a case of ‘occult’ bilateral optic nerve aplasia (ONA) where pituitary dysfunction was discovered subsequently. The initial ultrasonography had missed ONA in a child with bilateral microcornea, small non-dilating pupils and roving eye movements. Due to presence of relevant clinical signs in this case, ONA was re-evaluated with MRI, and was subsequently discovered to be associated with life-endangering hypopituitarism. This case raises the possible underestimation of ONA, and hence also the risk of missing life-threatening endocrine disorders.

The design of the optic nerve in fish

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Scholes
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Intermediate Filaments ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Optic Axons ◽  
Average Size ◽  
The Waves

AbstractFish have large eyes, with short optic nerves that are continually flexed by compensatory eye movements during swimming. Here, I review the tissue construction of the fish optic nerve, to see how the glia and axons are adapted to withstand these mechanical stresses, which are not normally encountered by CNS tissue within the skull.As in other lower vertebrates, the optic nerve astrocytes are highly unusual: their intermediate filaments are composed of cytokeratins (Giordano et al., 1989), not GFAP. Their processes are linked together by desmosomes, forming thin transverse lace-like partitions, placed at quasi-regular intervals longitudinally (Maggs & Scholes, 1990). This accordion-like arrangement is interpreted as providing a flexible tissue-skeleton for the optic nerve.A new observation is that the optic axons run in coherent parallel waves. This pattern, which is complementary to that of the astroglia, reversibly accommodates limited axial stretches. The waves are equivalent to those underlying the optical banding of Fontana (1781) in peripheral nerves, but wavelength (30 μm) and amplitude (5 μm) are about an order of magnitude less, reflecting the much smaller average size of the optic axons. The pattern also occurs in mammals, and may be restricted to the visual pathway: if present elsewhere in the CNS, nerve-fiber waves are inconspicuous at best.In fish, the astroglial partitions occur in register with the waves, suggesting that steric interactions between developing axons and glia may help to establish, or stabilize, the regular longitudinal spacing. This may have functional as well as mechanical implications, since the astrocytes form perinodal associations and their pattern is one which strongly clusters the nodes of Ranvier.

scholarly journals Bonnard´s representation of the perception of substance

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Privitera ◽  
L. W. Stark ◽  
W. H. Zangemeister
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
Physiological Process ◽  
Attentional Shifts ◽  
Pierre Bonnard ◽  
The Brain

Artists are said to be like neuroscientists able to exploit the capacities of the brain to generate aesthetic experience (Zeki, 2001). Pierre Bonnard (1867-1947) has been recognized as one of the greatest and most enigmatic masters of the 20th century painting. For his understanding of the eye movements, attentional shifts mechanism and the representation in his paintings of the complexity of the physiological process of vision perception, something that he famously referred to as "the transcription of the adventures of the optic nerve", he is considered a revolutionary painter. Our recent eye movements study on Bonnard's paintings evidences a "temporal-extended" mechanism in the control of scanpaths that refers to a progression of the scanpath pattern during repetitive viewings and supports the phenomenon of late emotional response which was one of the artist's artistic and perceptual objective.

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