Differential effects of continuous extinction and discrimination training on the generalization gradient.

1959 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner K. Honig ◽  
David R. Thomas ◽  
Norman Guttman
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Training ◽  
Generalization Gradient ◽  
Differential Effects

Secondary Reinforcement as a Function of Reinforcement Scheduling

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances L. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Training ◽  
Secondary Reinforcement ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Skinner Box ◽  
Secondary Reinforcing

In the present study, albino rats were given discrimination training in a modified Skinner Box. During this training several schedules of SD—SR pairings were presented; differential effects of this training were measured during extinction, which also involved a further scheduling of the R—Sr pairings. The results of the study showed that the animals were discriminating, and that SD functioned as Sr during extinction. However, there was no consistent evidence that a moderate degree of intermittence in reinforcement during either discrimination or extinction phases had favorable effects on secondary reinforcing properties. There remains the possibility that there are real but small effects which could be detected only by much more extensive experimentation.

Food as a Discriminative Stimulus

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-794
Author(s):  
Ralph W. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Training ◽  
Discriminative Stimulus ◽  
Generalization Gradient ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Generalization Test ◽  
Discriminative Control ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Access To Food

Three pigeons were trained on a “go-no go” discrimination task in which positive trials were preceded by 1.5-sec. access to food and negative trials were preceded by 0-sec. access to food. By the end of training pretrial access to food was exerting strong discriminative control over responding: each subject responded more than eight times more frequently during positive than negative trials. During a subsequent generalization test in which trials were preceded by various amounts of food, an orderly decremental gradient was obtained between 0- and 1.5-sec. access to food. A comparison with the gradients from three other subjects not given discrimination training showed that the training sharpened the generalization gradient between the training stimuli.

Differential effects of bismuth sub-salicylate (BSS) in acute non-cholera watery diarrhea in Bangladeshi children

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A215-A215
Author(s):  
P BARDHAN ◽  
S HUQ ◽  
S SARKER ◽  
D MAHALANABIS ◽  
K GYR
Keyword(s):  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Differential Effects

CCK-1 and CCK-2 receptors mediate differential effects of cholecystokinin on the motor activity of distal colon

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A173-A174
Author(s):  
F BASCHIERA ◽  
C BLANDIZZI ◽  
M FOMAI ◽  
M TACCA
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Differential Effects

Differential Effects of Executive Processes on Working Memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-249
Author(s):  
Xuezhu Ren ◽  
Tengfei Wang ◽  
Karl Schweizer ◽  
Jing Guo
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Prepotent Response ◽  
Two Measures

Abstract. Although attention control accounts for a unique portion of the variance in working memory capacity (WMC), the way in which attention control contributes to WMC has not been thoroughly specified. The current work focused on fractionating attention control into distinctly different executive processes and examined to what extent key processes of attention control including updating, shifting, and prepotent response inhibition were related to WMC and whether these relations were different. A number of 216 university students completed experimental tasks of attention control and two measures of WMC. Latent variable analyses were employed for separating and modeling each process and their effects on WMC. The results showed that both the accuracy of updating and shifting were substantially related to WMC while the link from the accuracy of inhibition to WMC was insignificant; on the other hand, only the speed of shifting had a moderate effect on WMC while neither the speed of updating nor the speed of inhibition showed significant effect on WMC. The results suggest that these key processes of attention control exhibit differential effects on individual differences in WMC. The approach that combined experimental manipulations and statistical modeling constitutes a promising way of investigating cognitive processes.

On the Semantic Content of Grammatical Gender and Its Impact on the Representation of Human Referents

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Irmen ◽  
Julia Kurovskaja
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Content ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Gender Information ◽  
Masculine Role ◽  
Feminine Role ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Categories ◽  
Open Question

Grammatical gender has been shown to provide natural gender information about human referents. However, due to formal and conceptual differences between masculine and feminine forms, it remains an open question whether these gender categories influence the processing of person information to the same degree. Experiment 1 compared the semantic content of masculine and feminine grammatical gender by combining masculine and feminine role names with either gender congruent or incongruent referents (e.g., Dieser Lehrer [masc.]/Diese Lehrerin [fem.] ist mein Mann/meine Frau; This teacher is my husband/my wife). Participants rated sentences in terms of correctness and customariness. In Experiment 2, in addition to ratings reading times were recorded to assess processing more directly. Both experiments were run in German. Sentences with grammatically feminine role names and gender incongruent referents were rated as less correct and less customary than those with masculine forms and incongruent referents. Combining a masculine role name with an incongruent referent slowed down reading to a greater extent than combining a feminine role name with an incongruent referent. Results thus specify the differential effects of masculine and feminine grammatical gender in denoting human referents.

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