Barholding as a preparatory response in escape-from-shock training.

1958 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Dinsmoor ◽  
Yasuko Matsuoka ◽  
Eugene Winograd
Keyword(s):  
Preparatory Response ◽  
Shock Training

Preference for Signal-Shock vs Shock-Signal

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Perkins ◽  
Donald J. Levis ◽  
Richard Seymann
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reverse Order ◽  
Reversal Training ◽  
Preparatory Response ◽  
Observing Responses ◽  
External Reinforcement ◽  
Reliable Preference

Sixteen rats were run in a tilt box for 11 hr. on each of three successive days, and then three more days with conditions reversed. On one side, Ss received 3 sec. light followed immediately by .5 sec. shock. On the other side, they received the same stimuli in reverse order. Six shocks were presented each half hour regardless of Ss' behavior. A reliable preference for signal-shock was acquired during pre-reversal training. There was some tendency for Ss to shift their preference to the new signal-shock side during reversal, but this did not differ reliably from chance at the end of the reversal training. The results are interpreted as supporting a preparatory response interpretation of classical conditioning and of the acquisition of observing responses in the absence of differential external reinforcement.

Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice Versus Reflective Debriefing for Pediatric Septic Shock Training*

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda J. Cory ◽  
Nora Colman ◽  
Courtney E. McCracken ◽  
Kiran B. Hebbar
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Shock Training

scholarly journals Preparatory-response vs information-seeking interpretations of preference for signaled loud noise: Further limits on human informational cognitive control

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Furedy ◽  
Dale Fainstat ◽  
Pamella Kulin ◽  
Lisa Lasko ◽  
Sandra Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Loud Noise ◽  
Preparatory Response

scholarly journals Differential behavioral, stress, and sleep responses in mice with different delays of fear extinction

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayumi Machida ◽  
Amy M Sutton ◽  
Brook L Williams ◽  
Laurie L Wellman ◽  
Larry D Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Contextual Fear Conditioning ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Contextual Fear ◽  
Behavioral Stress ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Sleep Amount ◽  
Shock Training

Abstract Study Objectives Sleep, in particular rapid eye movement (REM), has been linked to fear learning and extinction; however, their relationship is poorly understood. We determined how different delays of extinction training (ET) impact fear-conditioned behaviors, changes in sleep, and stress responses. Methods EEG activity, movement, and body temperature in mice were monitored via telemetry. Following contextual fear conditioning (shock training [ST]), separate groups of mice were reexposed to the context at 24-hour post-ST (24h ET-1) and at 48-hour post-ST (48h ET-1). Post-ET sleep amount and sleep-associated EEG (delta and theta) activity were compared to baseline and to post-ST sleep. Freezing, locomotion, grooming, and rearing were monitored to determine effects of ET on fear behaviors. Body temperature immediately after ET was monitored to assess stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH). Results 24h ET-1 and 48h ET-1 produced similar freezing and REM reductions, but dissimilar rearing activity and SIH. 24h ET-1 was followed by periods of suppressed REM-associated theta (REM-θ) activity, immediately after ET and during the subsequent dark period. Suppressed REM-θ was specific to sleep after 24h ET-1, and did not occur after ST, nor after 48h ET-1. Conclusions ET-1 at 24 and 48 hours after ST was associated with similar freezing and REM amounts, but with differences in other overt behaviors, in REM-θ, and in SIH. Freezing was not predictive of changes in other fear-associated responses. This study demonstrated that consideration of time delay from fear acquisition to extinction is important when assessing the relationships between extinction and behavior, sleep, and stress responses.

Neuromuscular Analysis Of Various Release Mechanisms In Archery: A Study Of The Preparatory Response Between Trigger And Back-Tension Releases

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 888-893
Author(s):  
Richard T. Stone ◽  
Colten Fales ◽  
Hunter Sabers ◽  
Elizabeth Cavanah ◽  
Joseph Kim
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Preparatory Response ◽  
Release Mechanisms ◽  
Human Arm

Archery was originally a tool for hunting but since has been transformed into a sport. Archery technology has evolved with little focus as to its effect on humans. Archery requires high levels of concentration and static muscle activity, which has not been analyzed to be successful. By observing the muscle activity in the bow arm and measuring the vibration effects from the bow, it was determined a presence of an impact to the human arm, which the human then creates anticipation for and braces against. To mitigate this anticipation, another technology was introduced to create a surprise factor in the shooting. To reduce the frequency of archers bracing up for the shot, knowledge of when the shot is going off was taken away. It was observed that the new technology did introduce a surprise factor, but it did not reduce the occurrences of preparatory muscle activation in the human arm.

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