Performance of rhesus monkeys on selected laboratory tasks presented before and after a large single dose of whole-body X radiation.

1956 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger T. Davis ◽  
Arnold A. McDowell ◽  
Charles W. Deter ◽  
James P. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Large Single Dose

scholarly journals Recovery from a single dose of X-ray in old and young rats

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Hursh ◽  
George W. Casarett
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Test Dose ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
Large Single Dose ◽  
Old Rats

Rats received a large single dose of whole body x-ray followed by a test dose at an interval of 2, 5 and 8 days. Mortality in 30 days was measured and recovery from the first dose was calculated. Rats aged 546 days recovered at a rate no less rapid than that of 107-day-old rats. The implication of the recovery data is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Response in Growth, Scute Development, and Whole-Body Ion Composition of Acipenser fulvescens Reared in Water of Differing Chemistries

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1419
Author(s):  
Janet Genz ◽  
Rachael Hicks
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Lake Sturgeon ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acipenser Fulvescens ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Ion Composition ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Yolk Absorption

In fishes, environmental ion availability can have substantial effects on growth and development. This study examined the development of Lake Sturgeon in response to the varying environmental ion availability that they experience as part of a conservation stocking program. We reared sturgeon in natural water from the Coosa River, which had higher concentrations of Mg2+, Na+, and Zn2+ than standard hatchery conditions, while [Ca2+] at the Warm Springs National Fish Hatchery was 2× higher than in the Coosa River. Eggs were hatched in each water type and the larvae were sampled at time points before and after yolk absorption during the first 8 weeks of development. Total length and weight in WSNFH larvae were significantly higher than larvae in Coosa River water starting at 8 dph, indicating that growth was dependent on the different environmental ion levels. Concentrations of the ions of interest were also determined for whole-body acid digests of the exposed Lake Sturgeon. We found that Lake Sturgeon reared in Coosa River water had significantly higher magnesium and zinc than Lake Sturgeon reared in WSNFH water (p < 0.05), while calcium was significantly higher in WSNFH than Coosa River water. This difference shows that different environmental ion concentrations also impact the overall development of larval Lake Sturgeon.

scholarly journals A method for evaluation of patient-specific lean body mass from limited-coverage CT images and its application in PERCIST: comparison with predictive equation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjie Shang ◽  
Zhiqiang Tan ◽  
Yong Cheng ◽  
Yongjin Tang ◽  
Bin Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Predictive Equation ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Percist 1.0 ◽  
Limited Coverage

Abstract Background Standardized uptake value (SUV) normalized by lean body mass ([LBM] SUL) is recommended as metric by PERCIST 1.0. The James predictive equation (PE) is a frequently used formula for LBM estimation, but may cause substantial error for an individual. The purpose of this study was to introduce a novel and reliable method for estimating LBM by limited-coverage (LC) CT images from PET/CT examinations and test its validity, then to analyse whether SUV normalised by LC-based LBM could change the PERCIST 1.0 response classifications, based on LBM estimated by the James PE. Methods First, 199 patients who received whole-body PET/CT examinations were retrospectively retrieved. A patient-specific LBM equation was developed based on the relationship between LC fat volumes (FVLC) and whole-body fat mass (FMWB). This equation was cross-validated with an independent sample of 97 patients who also received whole-body PET/CT examinations. Its results were compared with the measurement of LBM from whole-body CT (reference standard) and the results of the James PE. Then, 241 patients with solid tumours who underwent PET/CT examinations before and after treatment were retrospectively retrieved. The treatment responses were evaluated according to the PE-based and LC-based PERCIST 1.0. Concordance between them was assessed using Cohen’s κ coefficient and Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test. The impact of differing LBM algorithms on PERCIST 1.0 classification was evaluated. Results The FVLC were significantly correlated with the FMWB (r=0.977). Furthermore, the results of LBM measurement evaluated with LC images were much closer to the reference standard than those obtained by the James PE. The PE-based and LC-based PERCIST 1.0 classifications were discordant in 27 patients (11.2%; κ = 0.823, P=0.837). These discordant patients’ percentage changes of peak SUL (SULpeak) were all in the interval above or below 10% from the threshold (±30%), accounting for 43.5% (27/62) of total patients in this region. The degree of variability is related to changes in LBM before and after treatment. Conclusions LBM algorithm-dependent variability in PERCIST 1.0 classification is a notable issue. SUV normalised by LC-based LBM could change PERCIST 1.0 response classifications based on LBM estimated by the James PE, especially for patients with a percentage variation of SULpeak close to the threshold.

Acute cold stress in rheumatoid arthritis inadequately activates stress responses and induces an increase of interleukin 6

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Straub ◽  
G Pongratz ◽  
H Hirvonen ◽  
T Pohjolainen ◽  
M Mikkelsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cold Therapy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sympathetic Stress

Objective:Acute stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) should stimulate a strong stress response. After cryotherapy, we expected to observe an increase of hormones of the adrenal gland and the sympathetic nervous system.Methods:A total of 55 patients with RA were recruited for whole-body cryotherapy at −110°C and −60°C, and local cold therapy between −20°C and −30°C for 7 days. We measured plasma levels of steroid hormones, neuropeptide Y (sympathetic marker), and interleukin (IL)6 daily before and after cryotherapy.Results:In both therapy groups with/without glucocorticoids (GC), hormone and IL6 levels at baseline and 5 h after cold stress did not change over 7 days of cryotherapy. In patients without GC, plasma levels of cortisol and androstenedione were highest after −110°C cold stress followed by −60°C or local cold stress. The opposite was found in patients under GC therapy, in whom, unexpectedly, −110°C cold stress elicited the smallest responses. In patients without GC, adrenal cortisol production increased relative to other adrenal steroids, and again the opposite was seen under GC therapy with a loss of cortisol and an increase of dehydroepiandrosterone. Importantly, there was no sympathetic stress response in both groups. Patients without GC and −110°C cold stress demonstrated higher plasma IL6 compared to the other treatment groups (not observed under GC), but they showed the best clinical response.Conclusions:We detected an inadequate stress response in patients with GC. It is further shown that the sympathetic stress response was inadequate in patients with/without GC. Paradoxically, plasma levels of IL6 increased under strong cold stress in patients without GC. These findings confirm dysfunctional stress axes in RA.

Effects of adaptation of vestibulo-ocular reflex function on manual target localization

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob J. Bloomberg ◽  
Lauren A. Merkle ◽  
Susan R. Barry ◽  
William P. Huebner ◽  
Helen S. Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Modulation ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Target Localization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Spatial Coding ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Vestibular Cues ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Vestibulo Ocular Reflex

The goal of the present study was to determine if adaptive modulation of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) function is associated with commensurate alterations in manual target localization. To measure the effects of adapted VOR on manual responses we developed the Vestibular-Contingent Pointing Test (VCP). In the VCP test, subjects pointed to a remembered target following passive whole body rotation in the dark. In the first experiment, subjects performed VCP before and after wearing 0.5X minifying lenses that adaptively attenuate horizontal VOR gain. Results showed that adaptive reduction in horizontal VOR gain was accompanied by a commensurate change in VCP performance. In the second experiment, bilaterally labyrinthine deficient (LD) subjects were tested to confirm that vestibular cues were central to the spatial coding of both eye and hand movements during VCP. LD subjects performed significantly worse than normal subjects. These results demonstrate that adaptive change in VOR can lead to alterations in manual target localization.

Effects of acute creatine monohydrate supplementation on leucine kinetics and mixed-muscle protein synthesis

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1041-1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Parise ◽  
S. Mihic ◽  
D. MacLennan ◽  
K. E. Yarasheski ◽  
M. A. Tarnopolsky
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Synthetic Rate ◽  
Fractional Synthetic Rate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Creatine ◽  
Plasma Leucine

Creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation during resistance exercise training results in a greater increase in strength and fat-free mass than placebo. Whether this is solely due to an increase in intracellular water or whether there may be alterations in protein turnover is not clear at this point. We examined the effects of CrM supplementation on indexes of protein metabolism in young healthy men ( n = 13) and women ( n = 14). Subjects were randomly allocated to CrM (20 g/day for 5 days followed by 5 g/day for 3–4 days) or placebo (glucose polymers) and tested before and after the supplementation period under rigorous dietary and exercise controls. Muscle phosphocreatine, creatine, and total creatine were measured before and after supplementation. A primed-continuous intravenous infusion of l-[1-13C]leucine and mass spectrometry were used to measure mixed-muscle protein fractional synthetic rate and indexes of whole body leucine metabolism (nonoxidative leucine disposal), leucine oxidation, and plasma leucine rate of appearance. CrM supplementation increased muscle total creatine (+13.1%, P < 0.05) with a trend toward an increase in phosphocreatine (+8.8%, P = 0.09). CrM supplementation did not increase muscle fractional synthetic rate but reduced leucine oxidation (−19.6%) and plasma leucine rate of appearance (−7.5%, P < 0.05) in men, but not in women. CrM did not increase total body mass or fat-free mass. We conclude that short-term CrM supplementation may have anticatabolic actions in some proteins (in men), but CrM does not increase whole body or mixed-muscle protein synthesis.

scholarly journals An increase in in vivo release of LHRH and precocious puberty by posterior hypothalamic lesions in female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (4) ◽  
pp. E1000-E1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bret M. Windsor-Engnell ◽  
Etsuko Kasuya ◽  
Masaharu Mizuno ◽  
Kim L. Keen ◽  
Ei Terasawa
Keyword(s):  
Precocious Puberty ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Gaba Release ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Female Rhesus ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lhrh Release

We have previously shown that a decrease in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) tone and a subsequent increase in glutamatergic tone occur in association with the pubertal increase in luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) release in primates. To further determine the causal relationship between developmental changes in GABA and glutamate levels and the pubertal increase in LHRH release, we examined monkeys with precocious puberty induced by lesions in the posterior hypothalamus (PH). Six prepubertal female rhesus monkeys (17.4 ± 0.1 mo of age) received lesions in the PH, three prepubertal females (17.5 ± 0.1 mo) received sham lesions, and two females received no treatments. LHRH, GABA, and glutamate levels in the stalk-median eminence before and after lesions were assessed over two 6-h periods (0600–1200 and 1800–2400) using push-pull perfusion. Monkeys with PH lesions exhibited external signs of precocious puberty, including significantly earlier menarche in PH lesion animals (18.8 ± 0.2 mo) than in sham/controls (25.5 ± 0.9 mo, P < 0.001). Moreover, PH lesion animals had elevated LHRH levels and higher evening glutamate levels after lesions, whereas LHRH changes did not occur in sham/controls until later. Changes in GABA release were not discernible, since evening GABA levels already deceased at 18–20 mo of age in both groups and morning levels remained at the prepubertal levels. The age of first ovulation in both groups did not differ. Collectively, PH lesions may not be a good tool to investigate the mechanism of puberty, and, taking into account the recent findings on the role of kisspeptins, the mechanism of the puberty onset in primates is more complex than we initially anticipated.

Influence of endurance training on muscle [PCr] kinetics during high-intensity exercise

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (1) ◽  
pp. R392-R401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Jones ◽  
Daryl P. Wilkerson ◽  
Nicolas J. Berger ◽  
Jonathan Fulford
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Knee Extension Exercise

We hypothesized that a period of endurance training would result in a speeding of muscle phosphocreatine concentration ([PCr]) kinetics over the fundamental phase of the response and a reduction in the amplitude of the [PCr] slow component during high-intensity exercise. Six male subjects (age 26 ± 5 yr) completed 5 wk of single-legged knee-extension exercise training with the alternate leg serving as a control. Before and after the intervention period, the subjects completed incremental and high-intensity step exercise tests of 6-min duration with both legs separately inside the bore of a whole-body magnetic resonance spectrometer. The time-to-exhaustion during incremental exercise was not changed in the control leg [preintervention group (PRE): 19.4 ± 2.3 min vs. postintervention group (POST): 19.4 ± 1.9 min] but was significantly increased in the trained leg (PRE: 19.6 ± 1.6 min vs. POST: 22.0 ± 2.2 min; P < 0.05). During step exercise, there were no significant changes in the control leg, but end-exercise pH and [PCr] were higher after vs. before training. The time constant for the [PCr] kinetics over the fundamental exponential region of the response was not significantly altered in either the control leg (PRE: 40 ± 13 s vs. POST: 43 ± 10 s) or the trained leg (PRE: 38 ± 8 s vs. POST: 40 ± 12 s). However, the amplitude of the [PCr] slow component was significantly reduced in the trained leg (PRE: 15 ± 7 vs. POST: 7 ± 7% change in [PCr]; P < 0.05) with there being no change in the control leg (PRE: 13 ± 8 vs. POST: 12 ± 10% change in [PCr]). The attenuation of the [PCr] slow component might be mechanistically linked with enhanced exercise tolerance following endurance training.

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