Sex differences in perceptual differentiation and stimulus intensity control.

1973 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Silverman ◽  
Monte Buchsbaum ◽  
Helm Stierlin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Intensity Control ◽  
Perceptual Differentiation

Stimulus Intensity Control and the Cortical Evoked Response

1968 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
MONTE BUCHSBAUM ◽  
JULIAN SILVERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Evoked Response ◽  
Intensity Control

Stimulus Sensitivity and Stimulus Intensity Control

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Silverman ◽  
Monte Buchsbaum ◽  
Robert Henkin
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Sensory Threshold ◽  
Response Tendency ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Intensity Control ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Light Flashes ◽  
Opposite Response

Previous research had suggested a relationship between averaged cortical evoked response (AER) characteristics and the perception of stimulus intensity. In this study a systematic relationship was hypothesized between AER characteristics and performance on traditional sensory threshold procedures. Averaged evoked responses to light flashes and performances on a battery of psychophysical tasks were measured in 20 normal volunteers. Ss with one AER pattern were sensitive to low-intensity stimulation; Ss with another AER pattern exhibited the opposite response tendency. These findings were interpreted in terms of a theoretical construct regarding a stimulus-intensity control mechanism in the central nervous system.

Stimulus Intensity Control in Depression: A Study of the Comparative Effect of Doxepin and Amitriptyline on Cortical Evoked Potentials

1980 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette Friedman ◽  
Peter McCallum ◽  
Russell Meares
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Comparative Effect ◽  
Cortical Evoked Potentials ◽  
Perceived Intensity ◽  
Intensity Control

The perceived intensity of a stimulus may be magnified during depression. Stimulus intensity control can be studied by means of cortical evoked potentials. In a study of 33 depressives, cortical evoked potentials were greater during depression than on recovery. The effect of doxepin on the amplitudes of evoked potentials of depressives was compared with that of amitriptyline. Doxepin reduced amplitudes. Amitriptyline had a similar, but non-significant effect.

Sex Differences in Morphine Analgesia

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 1245-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Sarton ◽  
Erik Olofsen ◽  
Raymonda Romberg ◽  
Jan den Hartigh ◽  
Benjamin Kest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Morphine Analgesia ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Model Fits

Background Animal and human studies indicate the existence of important sex-related differences in opioid-mediated behavior. In this study the authors examined the influence of morphine on experimentally induced pain in healthy male and female volunteers. Methods Young healthy men and women (10 of each sex) received intravenous morphine (bolus 0.1-mg/kg dose followed by an infusion of 0.030 mg. kg-1. h-1 for 1 h). Pain threshold and pain tolerance in response to a gradual increase in transcutaneous electrical stimulation, as well as plasma concentrations of morphine and its major metabolites (morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide) were determined at regular intervals up to 7 h after the start of morphine infusion. A population pharmacodynamic model was used to analyze the morphine-induced changes in stimulus intensity. The improvement of the model fits by inclusion of covariates (sex, age, weight, lean body mass) was tested for significance. The model is characterized by baseline current, a rate constant for equilibrium between plasma and effect-site morphine concentrations (ke0), and analgesic potency (AC50, or the morphine concentration causing a 100% increase in stimulus intensity for response). Results The inclusion of the covariates age, weight, and lean body mass did not improve the model fits for any of the model parameters. For both pain threshold and tolerance, a significant dependency on sex was observed for the parameters ke0 (pain threshold: 0.0070 +/- 0.0013 (+/- SE) min-1 in men vs. 0.0030 +/- 0. 0005 min-1 in women; pain tolerance: 0.0073 +/- 0.0012 min-1 in men vs. 0.0024 +/- 0.0005 min-1 in women) and AC50 (pain threshold: 71.2 +/- 10.5 nm in men vs. 41.7 +/- 8.4 nm in women; pain tolerance: 76. 5 +/- 7.4 nm in men vs. 32.9 +/- 7.9 nm in women). Baseline currents were similar for both sexes: 21.4 +/- 1.6 mA for pain threshold and 39.1 +/- 2.3 mA for pain tolerance. Concentrations of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide did not differ between men and women. Conclusions These data show sex differences in morphine analgesia, with greater morphine potency but slower speed of onset and offset in women. The data are in agreement with observations of sex differences in morphine-induced respiratory depression and may explain higher postoperative opioid consumption in men relative to women.

scholarly journals Automated stimulus intensity control

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 547-548
Author(s):  
Larry Wallnau ◽  
Norman Greenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Intensity Control

Frontal Evoked Responses, Stimulus Intensity Control, and the Extraversion Dimension

1984 ◽  
Vol 425 (1 Brain and Inf) ◽  
pp. 546-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLE BRUNEAU ◽  
SYLVIE ROUX ◽  
JACQUES PERSE ◽  
GILBERT LELORD
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Intensity Control

Phasic Pupil Dilation Response to Noxious Stimulation

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunichi Oka ◽  
C. Richard Chapman ◽  
Robert C. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Peak Amplitude ◽  
Noxious Stimulation ◽  
Subjective Report ◽  
Arousal Response ◽  
Finger Tip ◽  
Subjective Reports

Abstract The pupil dilation response (PDR) to a painful stimulus is a subtle, event-related increase in pupil diameter that occurs following brief noxious stimulation. It varies in amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity. Two competing hypotheses for the PDR are that (1) it reflects event-related cognitive efforts largely independent of pain, such as the task demand of discriminating intensity and readying a subjective report; and (2) like the pupillary light reflex, it is a simple reflexive response. In this study 21 subjects (11 male, 10 female) experienced painful stimuli matched in subjective intensity at two sites: finger tip and ear lobe, but they produced no subjective reports. If the PDR is a product of discriminating stimulus intensity levels and forming a report, then it should be minimal or nonexistent when subjects have no choices and make no overt judgments. On the other hand, if it is primarily a simple sympathetic reflex, then onset and peak latency should be longer for finger tip than for ear lobe stimulation because the conduction distance is longer. In addition to addressing these issues, we explored sex differences and the influence of age. Clear and similar PDRs appeared in response to stimulation of both sites despite an absence of subjective report requirements. PDR onset, peak amplitude and peak latency did not differ significantly across stimulation sites. Therefore, the PDR is neither an artifact of subjective report nor an uncomplicated sympathetic reflex. It appears to be an emotional arousal response, such as the defense response, the strength of which depends upon the magnitude of the noxious sensory input. Sex differences emerged, with women demonstrating a borderline larger PDR peak amplitude than men (P = .059) and a more rapid half recovery latency (P = .031). Age did not affect the PDR except at onset, with older subjects demonstrating a later onset latency (P = .003). The PDR may reflect preconscious processing associated with attention and perhaps other cognitive aspects of perception.

Relationship between Dimensions of Cognitive Style: Field-Articulation Control and Stimulus-Intensity Control

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-394
Author(s):  
Lawrence S. Gaines ◽  
Diane R. Mc Allister ◽  
Eric Swift
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Intensity Control ◽  
Curvilinear Relationships ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

There has been only one study with normals which examines relationships among Silverman's three dimensions of attention (cf. Silverman & King, 1970). The present study examined the relationship between scores of normal females on tasks that correlate with factors interpreted as field-articulation control and stimulus-intensity control. No significant linear or curvilinear relationships were obtained from Ss' scores on the rod-and-frame test and the kinesthetic figural aftereffects' test. These results support the belief that field-articulation control and stimulus-intensity control are independent cognitive controls in normals.

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