Development of two- and three-dimensional size constancy under restricted cue conditions.

1971 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Winters ◽  
David Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Size Constancy

Apparent Depth and the Müller—Lyer Illusion

Perception ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Georgeson ◽  
C Blakemore
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Apparent Depth ◽  
Size Constancy ◽  
Comparison Line ◽  
Perspective View ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Classical Size

The Müller–Lyer illusion was presented stereoscopically as either a flat or a three-dimensional figure. When the flat figure was made to appear closer or further than a comparison line, the illusion persisted along with large changes in overall size due to classical size constancy. When the fins of the figure were tilted in depth the illusion was somewhat reduced for both forward and backward tilts. It is argued that the size-constancy theory of illusions should predict an enhancement when stereopsis and the typical perspective view' reinforce each other, and abolition or reversal of the illusion when they are in opposition. These results therefore pose some problems for the theory.

The Cylinder Configuration: When is a Distortion an Illusion?

Perception ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Treisman
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Object Orientation ◽  
Perceptual System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size Constancy ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Direct Association

A figure with one end rounded and the other concluding in an ellipse (the ‘cylinder configuration’) may appear longer than a rectangle of the same true length. It is proposed that when this configuration is processed as a three-dimensional body, it provides a cue for object orientation which causes the perceptual system to make an adjustment in the direction appropriate for maintaining size constancy. This effect may be considered a normal perceptual adjustment, appropriately applied. When the cylinder configuration is embedded in a context which does not favour its being processed as three-dimensional, a weaker adjustment in length may still occur. It is suggested that this effect, which may properly be classified as an illusion, may arise through direct association of the critical pattern of lines with the process of lengthening produced by the size-constancy mechanisms. Some relations of the present configuration to the Müller-Lyer illusion, and implications for the latter, are also discussed.

The Leaning Tower Illusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick A. A. Kingdom ◽  
Ali Yoonessi ◽  
Elena Gheorghiu
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Size Constancy ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Dimensional Images

The Leaning Tower Illusion is the illusion in which two identical images of the Leaning Tower of Pisa photographed from below, placed side by side, appear to rise at different angles. The illusion is not restricted to the Pisa tower however; it occurs in any pair of identical images of objects that appear to recede into the distance. This chapter argues that the illusion results from the misapplication of the visual system’s in-built mechanisms for correcting the distortions due to perspective in two-dimensional images of three-dimensional scenes. The relationship between the Leaning Tower illusion and size constancy illusions is discussed, and it is concluded that they are likely to be closely related.

A Developmental Study of Size Constancy for Two-Versus Three-Dimensional Stimuli

1971 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip E. Kubzansky ◽  
Freda Rebelsky ◽  
Lynn Dorman
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Size Constancy

The three-dimensional word of a toad

1980 ◽  
Vol 206 (1165) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Direct Approach ◽  
Size Constancy ◽  
Physical Size ◽  
Bufo Viridis ◽  
The Real

The path chosen by a toad ( Bufo viridis ) was examined when a barrier was placed between it and its food. The toad plans its route before it sets out, and so its route reveals something of its perceptions of its immediate environment. If there is a gap in the barrier wider than 3 cm (the width of the toad’s head), the toad aims for the gap, if not, it detours round the end of the barrier. Provided that the toad starts no further than 20 cm from the fence, its choice between detour and direct approach is governed by the physical size of the gap and not by the angle that the gap subtends on the retina, indicating that the toad has size constancy. Similarly, it is less likely to detour round wide barriers than narrow ones and again its behaviour is controlled by the real width of the barrier and not by the retinal subtense.

The orbit of Pluto over a long interval of time

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 227-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Orbit ◽  
Numerical Integration ◽  
Restricted Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Circular Restricted Problem ◽  
Resonance Relation

The paper presents a summary of the results obtained by C. J. Cohen and E. C. Hubbard, who established by numerical integration that a resonance relation exists between the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. The problem may be explored further by approximating the motion of Pluto by that of a particle with negligible mass in the three-dimensional (circular) restricted problem. The mass of Pluto and the eccentricity of Neptune's orbit are ignored in this approximation. Significant features of the problem appear to be the presence of two critical arguments and the possibility that the orbit may be related to a periodic orbit of the third kind.

Conformation of Ribosomes from Escherichia Coli

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
W. Hellmann ◽  
F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
And Function

The present knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of ribosomes is far too limited to enable a complete understanding of the various roles which ribosomes play in protein biosynthesis. The spatial arrangement of proteins and ribonuclec acids in ribosomes can be analysed in many ways. Determination of binding sites for individual proteins on ribonuclec acid and locations of the mutual positions of proteins on the ribosome using labeling with fluorescent dyes, cross-linking reagents, neutron-diffraction or antibodies against ribosomal proteins seem to be most successful approaches. Structure and function of ribosomes can be correlated be depleting the complete ribosomes of some proteins to the functionally inactive core and by subsequent partial reconstitution in order to regain active ribosomal particles.

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