Effects of articulatory activity and auditory, visual, and semantic similarity on the short-term memory of visually presented paired associates.

1969 ◽  
Vol 82 (1, Pt.1) ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Gumenik
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Similarity ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Paired Associates

Role of affect in short-term memory for paired associates.

1968 ◽  
Vol 78 (3, Pt.1) ◽  
pp. 494-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin F. Nodine ◽  
James H. Korn
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Paired Associates

scholarly journals Measuring Visual, Spatial, and Visual Spatial Short-Term Memory in Schoolchildren: Studying the Influence of Demographic Factors and Regression-Based Normative Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
A. Toornstra ◽  
P. P. M. Hurks ◽  
W. Van der Elst ◽  
G. Kok ◽  
L. M. G. Curfs
Keyword(s):  
Parental Education ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Spatial Span ◽  
Paired Associates ◽  
Visual Spatial

Abstract The study aims to establish demographically corrected norms for three computerized tasks measuring different aspects of visual short-term memory (VSTM) in Ukrainian schoolchildren. These tasks measure respectively visual STM (the Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM) test), spatial STM (the Spatial Span (SSP) task), and visual spatial STM (the Paired Associates Learning (PAL) task). All tasks were administered to n = 186 children aged 5.10 years to 14.5 years old to evaluate the influence of demographic variables. Relevant demographic factors that influence task scores (VSTM), i.e., age and level of parental education, are identified and in keeping with the current literature. No sex differences were found. Based on these data, regression-based, demographically corrected norms were established per task. This approach to constructing norms differs from how (worldwide) PRM, SSP, and/or PAL norms have been constructed traditionally. In the latter approach, norms are calculated for each age group separately and without correcting for level of parental education, whereas in the regression-based normative method, multiple regression models are used to compute the expected test scores of an individual (rather than the subgroup means that are used in the traditional approach). Consequently, the regression-based norms for the PRM, SSP, and PAL presented in this paper are individualized, taking into account the unique characteristics of the individual that is tested on these tasks. Last, the confidence intervals of the PRM scores of the Ukrainian schoolchildren and the western norm group largely overlapped, except for the youngest age group, which adds to the literature about cultural effects on cognition.

A Chinese automatic question answering technique based on semantic similarity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Weijie Yang ◽  
Hong Ma
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Similarity ◽  
Experimental Verification ◽  
Question Answering ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Open Domain ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Memory Network ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

In this paper, for the Chinese automatic question answering technology in open domain, in addition to considering the traditional association between questions and questions, the correlation between questions and answers is added. The cosine similarity between questions and answers is used as the semantic similarity between them. A bi-directional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM) is added between the question and question, answer and the answer to seek the association between the contexts. and an attention mechanism is added to make question and answer related. Finally, the experimental verification shows that the accuracy of automatic question answering by the proposed method reaches 70%.

"Role of Affect in Short-Term Memory for Paired Associates": Erratum.

1969 ◽  
Vol 79 (1, Pt.1) ◽  
pp. 167-167
Author(s):  
Calvin F. Nodine ◽  
James H. Korn
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Paired Associates

Visual and Auditory Stores in Short-term Memory

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bennet B. Murdock
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Auditory Presentation ◽  
Negative Evidence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Perceptual Memory ◽  
Paired Associates

If retrieval in short-term memory can be either from a pre-perceptual sensory store or from a post-perceptual memory then recall should vary as a function of input into sensory store. To test this possibility two experiments with paired associates compared visual and auditory presentation under conditions as comparable as possible. In both experiments modality interacted with retention interval: more recency with auditory but, in Experiment I, more primacy with visual. The interaction was taken as support for the hypothesis. An alternative hypothesis (that storage is post-perceptual but not a-historical) was discussed and weak negative evidence presented.

scholarly journals Whether and how semantic similarity impairs short-term memory: A test with a new index of semantic similarity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sho Ishiguro ◽  
Satoru Saito
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Similarity ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Similarity ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Short Term ◽  
General Process ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Similarity Effect

Semantic similarity appears to have a facilitative effect on short-term memory (STM), which contrasts with the detrimental effects of phonological and visual similarity on STM. Given that STM theories generally posit detrimental effects of similarity, it is theoretically and empirically important to test the semantic similarity effect. Recently, a review study proposed that semantic similarity per se would have a detrimental effect while semantic association and additional retrieval cues, which are facilitative of STM, would work as confounding factors for the semantic similarity effect. The present study tested this view by minimizing the influence of these possible confounding factors in the experiment and by utilizing a new index of semantic similarity in the analysis. The results of the present study indicated that the semantic similarity indeed had a detrimental effect on immediate serial recall correct-in-position scores. An examination based on two other scoring methods (i.e., item correct and absolute order errors) further suggested that the locus of the detrimental effect of semantic similarity is in order memory. In addition, other semantico-lexical variables (e.g., word length, frequency, and imageability) were also analyzed. Patterns of these variables’ effects on item memory were complementary to the effect of semantic similarity on order memory. From a theoretical point of view, as the detrimental effect of semantic similarity demonstrated by the present study is comparable to phonological and visual similarity effects, this finding implies a store based on semantic information or a general process for various types of information.

scholarly journals Phonological and Semantic Contributions to Verbal Short-Term Memory in Young Children With Developmental Stuttering

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 644-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie D. Anderson ◽  
Stacy A. Wagovich ◽  
Bryan T. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Similarity ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Phonological Similarity ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the verbal short-term memory skills of children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS) in 2 experiments, focusing on the influence of phonological and semantic similarity. Method Participants were 42 CWS and 42 CWNS between the ages of 3;0 and 5;11 (years;months). In Experiment 1, children completed the phonological similarity task, in which they listened to lists of phonologically similar and dissimilar words and then repeated them when signaled to do so. In Experiment 2, children completed another forward span task, the semantic category task, which is similar to the phonological similarity task, except that it consisted of lists of semantically homogeneous and heterogeneous words. Main dependent variables were cumulative memory span, proportion of errors by type, and speech reaction time (SRT) for correct responses. Results The CWS exhibited significantly shorter memory spans for phonologically dissimilar words and were less affected by the phonological qualities of the words than the CWNS in Experiment 1, based on the findings of both between-groups and within-group analyses. In Experiment 2, although the groups did not differ in their performance in either condition, within-group analyses revealed that the CWNS benefitted from semantic similarity, whereas the CWS did not. The between-groups difference in absolute difference scores, however, did not reach significance. The CWS produced more omissions and false alarms than the CWNS in both experiments, but the 2 groups of children were otherwise comparable in SRT, although the CWS exhibited overall faster SRT than the CWNS in Experiment 2. Conclusions Verbal short-term memory is one domain-general cognitive process in which CWS display weakness relative to typically fluent peers. These weaknesses are likely due, in part, to differences in phonological and, perhaps, semantic processing of words to aid memory.

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