The cardiac self-stimulation hypothesis and nonnutritive sucking in human infants.

1969 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin L. Simner
Keyword(s):  
Human Infants ◽  
Nonnutritive Sucking ◽  
Self Stimulation

Visual Reinforcement of Nonnutritive Sucking in Human Infants

Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 165 (3898) ◽  
pp. 1144-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Siqueland ◽  
C. A. Delucua
Keyword(s):  
Human Infants ◽  
Visual Reinforcement ◽  
Nonnutritive Sucking

Coordination of breathing, sucking, and swallowing during bottle feedings in human infants

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1623-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Koenig ◽  
A. M. Davies ◽  
B. T. Thach
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Airway Closure ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Nonnutritive Sucking ◽  
Respiratory Inhibition ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Respiratory Movements

Incoordination of sucking, swallowing, and breathing might lead to the decreased ventilation that accompanies bottle feeding in infants, but the precise temporal relationship between these events has not been established. Therefore, we studied the coordination of sucks, swallows, and breaths in healthy infants (8 full-term and 5 preterm). Respiratory movements and airflow were recorded as were sucks and swallows (intraoral and intrapharyngeal pressure). Sucks did not interrupt breathing or decrease minute ventilation during nonnutritive sucking. Minute ventilation during bottle feedings was inversely related to swallow frequency, with elimination of ventilation as the swallowing frequency approached 1.4/s. Swallows were associated with a 600-ms period of decreased respiratory initiation and with a period of airway closure lasting 530 +/- 9.8 (SE) ms. Occasional periods of prolonged airway closure were observed in all infants during feedings. Respiratory efforts during airway closure (obstructed breaths) were common. The present findings indicate that the decreased ventilation observed during bottle feedings is primarily a consequence of airway closure associated with the act of swallowing, whereas the decreased ventilatory efforts result from respiratory inhibition during swallows.

Functional characterization of human brown adipose tissue metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (7) ◽  
pp. 1261-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Anne Richard ◽  
Hannah Pallubinsky ◽  
Denis P. Blondin
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
And Function

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has long been described according to its histological features as a multilocular, lipid-containing tissue, light brown in color, that is also responsive to the cold and found especially in hibernating mammals and human infants. Its presence in both hibernators and human infants, combined with its function as a heat-generating organ, raised many questions about its role in humans. Early characterizations of the tissue in humans focused on its progressive atrophy with age and its apparent importance for cold-exposed workers. However, the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose tracer [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) made it possible to begin characterizing the possible function of BAT in adult humans, and whether it could play a role in the prevention or treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on the in vivo functional characterization of human BAT, the methodological approaches applied to examine these features and addresses critical gaps that remain in moving the field forward. Specifically, we describe the anatomical and biomolecular features of human BAT, the modalities and applications of non-invasive tools such as PET and magnetic resonance imaging coupled with spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to study BAT morphology and function in vivo, and finally describe the functional characteristics of human BAT that have only been possible through the development and application of such tools.

The ocular orientation of newborn human infants to visual contours

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Kessen ◽  
Philip Salapatek ◽  
Marshall M. Haith
Keyword(s):  
Human Infants
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