Intrasession decrements in the performance of the classically conditioned eyelid reflex.

1965 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 520-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard N. Runquist ◽  
William R. Muir
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Eyelid ◽  
Classically Conditioned

scholarly journals Timing correlations between cerebellar interpositus neuronal firing and classically conditioned eyelid responses in wild-type and Lurcher mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. López-Ramos ◽  
Zbynek Houdek ◽  
Jan Cendelín ◽  
Frantisek Vožeh ◽  
José M. Delgado-García
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Conditioned Eyelid ◽  
Classically Conditioned

scholarly journals Red Nucleus Neurons Actively Contribute to the Acquisition of Classically Conditioned Eyelid Responses in Rabbits

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (35) ◽  
pp. 12129-12143 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pacheco-Calderon ◽  
A. Carretero-Guillen ◽  
J. M. Delgado-Garcia ◽  
A. Gruart
Keyword(s):  
Red Nucleus ◽  
Conditioned Eyelid ◽  
Classically Conditioned

scholarly journals The Motor Cortex Is Involved in the Generation of Classically Conditioned Eyelid Responses in Behaving Rabbits

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (26) ◽  
pp. 6988-7001 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ammann ◽  
J. Marquez-Ruiz ◽  
M. A. Gomez-Climent ◽  
J. M. Delgado-Garcia ◽  
A. Gruart
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Conditioned Eyelid ◽  
Classically Conditioned

Relative contributions of eyelid and eye-retraction motor systems to reflex and classically conditioned blink responses in the rabbit

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 1541-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Leal-Campanario ◽  
José Alberto Barradas-Bribiescas ◽  
José M. Delgado-García ◽  
Agnès Gruart
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Nerve Section ◽  
Eyelid Closure ◽  
Conditioned Eyelid ◽  
Muscle Lesions ◽  
Central Reorganization ◽  
Classically Conditioned

Early compensatory mechanisms between eyelid and eye-retraction motor systems following selective nerve and/or muscle lesions were studied in behaving rabbits. Reflex and conditioned eyelid responses were recorded in 1) controls and following 2) facial nerve section, 3) retractor bulbi muscle removal, and 4) facial nerve section and retractor bulbi muscle removal. Animals were classically conditioned with a delay paradigm by using a tone (350 ms, 600 Hz, 90 dB) as conditioned stimulus, followed 250 ms later by an air puff (100 ms, 3 kg/cm2) as unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned eyelid responses generated in the absence of the facial motor system (i.e., by the almost sole action of the retractor bulbi motor system) presented a wavy profile, due to the succession of eye-retraction movements. Learned eyelid responses generated in the absence of the eye-retraction motor system (i.e., by the almost exclusive action of the facial motor system) were similar to those of controls, but were reduced in amplitude and peak velocity. Finally, the isolated action of the extraocular recti muscle produced very small eyelid movements during both reflex and learned eyelid responses. Although each of these motor systems could act independently of the others, the motor result of their joint action did not coincide with the simple addition of their separate actions. Both facial and eye-retraction motor systems appear to be necessary for normal eyelid closure during blinking in rabbits. Central reorganization to compensate for loss of either of these systems may explain why the response of each system in isolation cannot be added linearly to obtain normal blink response magnitudes and profiles.

Retention of classically conditioned eyelid responses following acute decerebration

1987 ◽  
Vol 403 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Mauk ◽  
Richard F. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Eyelid ◽  
Classically Conditioned

Discharge Profiles of Abducens, Accessory Abducens, and Orbicularis Oculi Motoneurons During Reflex and Conditioned Blinks in Alert Cats

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 1666-1684 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Trigo ◽  
Agnès Gruart ◽  
José M. Delgado-García
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle ◽  
Antidromic Activation ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Conditioned Eyelid ◽  
Supraorbital Nerve ◽  
Alert Cats ◽  
Classically Conditioned

Discharge profiles of abducens, accessory abducens, and orbicularis oculi motoneurons during reflex and conditioned blinks in alert cats. The discharge profiles of identified abducens, accessory abducens, and orbicularis oculi motoneurons have been recorded extra- and intracellularly in alert behaving cats during spontaneous, reflexively evoked, and classically conditioned eyelid responses. The movement of the upper lid and the electromyographic activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle also were recorded. Animals were conditioned by short, weak air puffs or 350-ms tones as conditioned stimuli (CS) and long, strong air puffs as unconditioned stimulus (US) using both trace and delayed conditioning paradigms. Motoneurons were identified by antidromic activation from their respective cranial nerves. Orbicularis oculi and accessory abducens motoneurons fired an early, double burst of action potentials (at 4–6 and 10–16 ms) in response to air puffs or to the electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve. Orbicularis oculi, but not accessory abducens, motoneurons fired in response to flash and tone presentations. Only 10–15% of recorded abducens motoneurons fired a late, weak burst after air puff, supraorbital nerve, and flash stimulations. Spontaneous fasciculations of the orbicularis oculi muscle and the activity of single orbicularis oculi motoneurons that generated them also were recorded. The activation of orbicularis oculi motoneurons during the acquisition of classically conditioned eyelid responses happened in a gradual, sequential manner. Initially, some putative excitatory synaptic potentials were observed in the time window corresponding to the CS-US interval; by the second to the fourth conditioning session, some isolated action potentials appeared that increased in number until some small movements were noticed in eyelid position traces. No accessory abducens motoneuron fired and no abducens motoneuron modified their discharge rate for conditioned eyelid responses. The firing of orbicularis oculi motoneurons was related linearly to lid velocity during reflex blinks but to lid position during conditioned responses, a fact indicating the different neural origin and coding of both types of motor commands. The power spectra of both reflex and conditioned lid responses showed a dominant peak at ≈20 Hz. The wavy appearance of both reflex and conditioned eyelid responses was clearly the result of the high phasic activity of orbicularis oculi motor units. Orbicularis oculi motoneuron membrane potentials oscillated at ≈20 Hz after supraorbital nerve stimulation and during other reflex and conditioned eyelid movements. The oscillation seemed to be the result of both intrinsic (spike afterhyperpolarization lasting ≈50 ms, and late depolarizations) and extrinsic properties of the motoneuronal pool and of the circuits involved in eye blinks.

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