Decision Making, Morality, and Machiavellianism: The Role of Dispositional Traits in Gist Extraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica R. Carre ◽  
Daniel N. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Concern For Others ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
New Framework

Fuzzy Trace Theory (FTT) is a promising new framework for evaluating decision making processes related to risk. In brief, FTT argues that individuals use either a mature and meaningful process (i.e., “gist”) or a cold and numbers-based process (i.e., “verbatim”) when making a decision based on information. However, the fundamental meaning that one may extract from a set of information may depend entirely on the motivations, values, and personality of the individual. We argue that in the case of Machiavellianism, individuals may be using gist-based processes, much like others, but arrive at vastly different conclusions with respect to the best course of action. This assertion is based on the fact that Machiavellian individuals lack the fundamental morality and empathy necessary to have concern for others when making decisions. Thus, we outline a theoretical argument as to when gist based extraction may be altered by individual differences. We further discuss the practical implications that individual differences have for decision making through the lens of FTT.

Individual Differences in Pilot Performance

1976 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 403-409
Author(s):  
Miles R. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Research Decision ◽  
Glide Slope ◽  
Pilot Behavior

Selected literature on individual differences in pilot performance is reviewed in order to indicate a possible direction for research. Decision-making performance in contingency situations is seen as a potentially fruitful area for study of individual differences, although information on the relative roles of experience and cognitive abilities, styles, and strategies are needed in all research areas. The role of cognitive styles in pilot performance is essentially unexplored; however, the identification of individual pilot behavior differences that have been attributed to style differences and the results of automobile driver behavior research suggest considerable potential. Approaches to studying pilot decision-making processes are discussed, with emphasis given to the wrong-model approach in which accident and incident data, or “process tracing” provide experimental computational structures. Analysis of data from a simulator experiment on V/STOL zero-visibility landing performance suggests that the order of ranking of individual pilot's effectiveness varies with particular situations defined by combinations of tracking requirements (e.g., glide slope, localizer) and glide-slope segment, or speed requirements; the data are being further analyzed.

scholarly journals Results account as a source of economic information / Rachunek wyników jako źródło informacji ekonomicznych

Management ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 371-381
Author(s):  
Edward Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Business Operation ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Financial Result

Summary Financial result is one of the fundamental economic categories subject to measurement within the accounting system. Financial result is a complex economic category, since its fluctuations are determined by expenses and revenues. The volume of financial results is related to activities in each of the individual areas of business operation and to selected external factors. Information on company results is of interest to all stakeholders, both internal and external, but the information requirements of each group are dissimilar. One common denominator here is the use of financial information in economic decision-making processes. This paper presents the role of results account as an important source of information used for decision-making purposes by company stakeholders, both external and internal.

Acquisition Decision-Making Processes: The Central Role of Risk

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Pablo ◽  
Sim B. Sitkin ◽  
David B. Jemison
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Past Work ◽  
Process Theories ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Practical Implications

This paper builds upon the work of organizational and strategic management scholars who have conceptualized acquisitions as decision-making processes, We suggest that behavioral concepts of risk, specifically decision-maker risk perceptions and propensities, are key to understanding the process by which acquisition candidates are selected, the characteristics of pre-acquisition evaluation and negotiations, and approaches to post-acquisition integration. By drawing upon past work concerning the effects of these risk-related variables in other decision-making contexts, we develop propositions that conceptualize their impact on acquisition decision processes. Incorporation of risk as a key variable in process theories of acquisitions provides a stronger theoretical grounding for these theories, and suggests some important practical implications for managers.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

scholarly journals Heart and Mind: Essential Components in Sound Decision-Making

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 364-364
Author(s):  
Michaela Clark ◽  
Julie Hicks Patrick ◽  
Michaela Reardon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Quality ◽  
Cluster Solution ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Cluster Membership ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Affective Components ◽  
Heart And Mind

Abstract Consumer tasks permit an ecologically-valid context in which to examine the contributions of affective and cognitive resources to decision-making processes and outcomes. Although previous work shows that cognitive factors are important when individuals make decisions (Patrick et al., 2013; Queen et al.), the role of affective components is less clear. We examine these issues in two studies. Study 1 used data from 1000+ adults to inform a cluster analysis examining affective aspects (importance, meaningfulness) of making different types of decisions. A 4-cluster solution resulted. In Study 2, we used affective cluster membership and cognitive performance as predictors of experimental decision-making outcomes among a subset of participants (N = 60). Results of the regression (F(2, 40) = 6.51, p < .01, R2 = .25.) revealed that both the affective clusters (b = .37, p = .01) and cognitive ability (b = -.30, p = .04) uniquely contributed to the variance explained in decision quality. Age did not uniquely contribute. Results are discussed in the context of developing measures that enable us to move the field forward.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in the Vocal Communication of Malayan Tapirs (Tapirus indicus) Considering Familiarity and Relatedness

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1026
Author(s):  
Robin Walb ◽  
Lorenzo von Fersen ◽  
Theo Meijer ◽  
Kurt Hammerschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Animal Communication ◽  
Solitary Living ◽  
Low Visibility ◽  
Living Species ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tapirus Indicus

Studies in animal communication have shown that many species have individual distinct calls. These individual distinct vocalizations can play an important role in animal communication because they can carry important information about the age, sex, personality, or social role of the signaler. Although we have good knowledge regarding the importance of individual vocalization in social living mammals, it is less clear to what extent solitary living mammals possess individual distinct vocalizations. We recorded and analyzed the vocalizations of 14 captive adult Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus) (six females and eight males) to answer this question. We investigated whether familiarity or relatedness had an influence on call similarity. In addition to sex-related differences, we found significant differences between all subjects, comparable to the individual differences found in highly social living species. Surprisingly, kinship appeared to have no influence on call similarity, whereas familiar subjects exhibited significantly higher similarity in their harmonic calls compared to unfamiliar or related subjects. The results support the view that solitary animals could have individual distinct calls, like highly social animals. Therefore, it is likely that non-social factors, like low visibility, could have an influence on call individuality. The increasing knowledge of their behavior will help to protect this endangered species.

The Individual and Administrative Justice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Creutzfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Perceptions Of Fairness ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Individual Justice ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Service ◽  
Administrative Justice

This chapter discusses what individual justice means in the realm of administrative justice. The standards of justice and fairness that apply in administrative decision-making need consideration from the perspective of the service user. Should the administrative justice system serve the citizen or the state? What role do individual service users have in the design, use, and evaluation of more bureaucratic systems of redress? Different notions of justice, as they relate to primary decision-making processes, have been described through various models. This chapter provides a set of tools with which to study the subject and argues for the importance of user voice and perceptions of fairness in the provision of a more citizen-focussed justice.

Are the saving decision patterns of bank customers also clouded by psychological biases? Evidence from Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Emmanuel Tetteh ◽  
Christopher Boachie
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Weighted Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Saving Decisions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThis paper attempts to investigate the influence of psychological biases on saving decision-making of bank customers in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachIt employs weighted least squares regression to test the effect of psychological biases on savings decisions of bank customers.FindingsThe findings show that all the nine psychological biases, namely mental accounting, availability, loss aversion, representativeness, anchoring, overconfidence, status quo, framing effect and disposition effect employed for the study have a significant influence on saving decision of bank customers. The results depict that psychological biases are entrenched in the saving pattern of bank customers in Ghana.Practical implicationsFor policy purposes, the study recommends that bank customers need to enhance their knowledge of psychological biases in order to improve their gains from savings, and not to fall prey to these prejudices. The satisfied customer is a dependable source of bank viability and survival.Originality/valueTo the best of the knowledge of the author, this study provides the first empirical evidence of the influence of psychological biases on saving decisions of bank customers in Ghana. The findings of this study will enhance knowledge on the influence of psychological biases on individual decision-making and will accentuate the fact that the individual is not an entirely rational being.

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