Supplemental Material for How You Read Affects What You Gain: Individual Differences in the Functional Organization of the Reading System Predict Intervention Gains in Children With Reading Disabilities

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Reading Disabilities ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Reading System

scholarly journals Early intervention for children at risk for reading disabilities: The impact of grade at intervention and individual differences on intervention outcomes.

2017 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 889-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen W. Lovett ◽  
Jan C. Frijters ◽  
Maryanne Wolf ◽  
Karen A. Steinbach ◽  
Rose A. Sevcik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Intervention ◽  
Reading Disabilities ◽  
Children At Risk ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Brain connectivity at rest predicts individual differences in normative activity during movie watching

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C Gruskin ◽  
Gaurav H Patel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Similar Region ◽  
Human Connectome Project

When multiple individuals are exposed to the same sensory event, some are bound to have less typical experiences than others. These atypical experiences are underpinned by atypical stimulus-evoked brain activity, the extent of which is often indexed by intersubject correlation (ISC). Previous research has attributed individual differences in ISC to variation in trait-like behavioral phenotypes. Here, we extend this line of work by showing that an individual's degree and spatial distribution of ISC are closely related to their brain's intrinsic functional architecture. Using resting state and movie watching fMRI data from 176 Human Connectome Project participants, we reveal that resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) profiles can be used to predict cortex-wide ISC with considerable accuracy. Similar region-level analyses demonstrate that the amount of ISC a brain region exhibits during movie watching is associated with its connectivity to others at rest, and that the nature of these connectivity-activity relationships varies as a function of the region's role in sensory information processing. Finally, we show that an individual's unique spatial distribution of ISC, independent of its magnitude, is also related to their RSFC profile. These findings suggest that the brain's ability to process complex sensory information is tightly linked to its baseline functional organization and motivate a more comprehensive understanding of individual responses to naturalistic stimuli.

scholarly journals Is baseline pupil size related to cognitive ability? Yes (under proper lighting conditions).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason S. Tsukahara ◽  
Randall W Engle
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Lighting Conditions

We found that individual differences in baseline pupil size correlated with fluid intelligence and working memory capacity. Larger pupil size was associated with higher cognitive ability. However, other researchers have not been able to replicate our 2016 finding – though they only measured working memory capacity and not fluid intelligence. In a reanalysis of Tsukahara et al. (2016) we show that reduced variability on baseline pupil size will result in a higher probability of obtaining smaller and non-significant correlations with working memory capacity. In two large-scale studies, we demonstrated that reduced variability in baseline pupil size values was due to the monitor being too bright. Additionally, fluid intelligence and working memory capacity did correlate with baseline pupil size except in the brightest lighting conditions. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the baseline pupil size – working memory capacity relationship was not as strong or robust as that with fluid intelligence. Our findings have strong methodological implications for researchers investigating individual differences in task-free or task-evoked pupil size. We conclude that fluid intelligence does correlate with baseline pupil size and that this is related to the functional organization of the resting-state brain through the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system.

scholarly journals Overlapping connectivity gradients in the anterior temporal lobe underlie semantic cognition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrthe Faber ◽  
Izabela Przeździk ◽  
Guillén Fernández ◽  
Koen V. Haak ◽  
Christian F. Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Story Comprehension ◽  
Anterior Temporal Lobe ◽  
Semantic Cognition ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Spatially Varying

AbstractConvergent evidence from neuroimaging, computational, and clinical research has shown that the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) is critically involved in two key aspects of semantic cognition: the representation of semantic knowledge, and the executive regulation of this knowledge. Both are necessary for integrating features to understand concepts, and to integrate concepts to understand discourse. Here, we tested the hypothesis that these differential aspects of integration map onto different patterns of ATL connectivity. Specifically, we hypothesized that there are two overlapping modes of functional connectivity of the ATL that each predict distinct aspects of semantic cognition on an individual level. We used a novel analytical approach (connectopic mapping) to identify the first two dominant modes connection topographies (i.e. maps of spatially varying connectivity) in the ATL in 766 participants (Human Connectome Project), and summarized these into 16 parameters that reflect inter-individual differences in their functional organization. If these connection topographies reflect the ATL’s functional multiplicity, then we would expect to find a dissociation where one mode (but not the other) correlates with cross-modal matching of verbal and visual information (picture vocabulary naming), and the other (but not the former) correlates with how quickly and accurately relevant semantic information is retrieved (story comprehension). Our analysis revealed a gradient of spatially varying connectivity along the inferior-superior axis, and secondly, an anterior to posterior gradient. Multiple regression analyses revealed a double dissociation such that individual differences in the inferior-superior gradient are predictive of differences in story comprehension, whereas the anterior-posterior gradient maps onto differences in picture vocabulary naming, but not vice versa. These findings indicate that overlapping gradients of functional connectivity in the ATL are related to differential behaviors, which is important for understanding how its functional organization underlies its multiple functions.

scholarly journals Neurocognitive Psychometrics of Intelligence: How Measurement Advancements Unveiled the Role of Mental Speed in Intelligence Differences

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Lena Schubert ◽  
Gidon T. Frischkorn
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Order Processing ◽  
The Relationship

More intelligent individuals typically show faster reaction times. However, individual differences in reaction times do not represent individual differences in a single cognitive process but in multiple cognitive processes. Thus, it is unclear whether the association between mental speed and intelligence reflects advantages in a specific cognitive process or in general processing speed. In this article, we present a neurocognitive-psychometrics account of mental speed that decomposes the relationship between mental speed and intelligence. We summarize research employing mathematical models of cognition and chronometric analyses of neural processing to identify distinct stages of information processing strongly related to intelligence differences. Evidence from both approaches suggests that the speed of higher-order processing is greater in smarter individuals, which may reflect advantages in the structural and functional organization of brain networks. Adopting a similar neurocognitive-psychometrics approach for other cognitive processes associated with intelligence (e.g., working memory or executive control) may refine our understanding of the basic cognitive processes of intelligence.

scholarly journals Within and Between-person Correlates of the Temporal Dynamics of Resting EEG Microstates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Zanesco ◽  
Brandon G. King ◽  
Alea C. Skwara ◽  
Clifford D. Saron
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Brain States ◽  
The Rich ◽  
And Gender

AbstractMicrostates reflect transient brain states resulting from the activity of synchronously active brain networks that predominate in the broadband EEG time series. Despite increasing interest in understanding how the functional organization of the brain varies across individuals, or the extent to which its spatiotemporal dynamics are state dependent, comparatively little research has examined within and between-person correlates of microstate temporal parameters in healthy populations. In the present study, neuroelectric activity recorded during eyes-closed rest and during simple visual fixation was segmented into a time series of transient microstate intervals. It was found that five data-driven microstate configurations explained the preponderance of topographic variance in the EEG time series of the 374 recordings (from 187 participants) included in the study. We observed that the temporal dynamics of microstates varied within individuals to a greater degree than they differed between persons, with within-person factors explaining a large portion of the variance in mean microstate duration and occurrence rate. Nevertheless, several individual differences were found to predict the temporal dynamics of microstates. Of these, age and gender were the most reliable. These findings suggest that not only do the rich temporal dynamics of whole-brain neuronal networks vary considerably within-individuals, but that microstates appear to differentiate persons based on trait individual differences. The current findings suggest that rather than focusing exclusively on between-person differences in microstates as measures of brain function, researchers should turn their attention towards understanding the factors contributing to within-person variation.

Individual Differences in the Functional Organization of Infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. S78
Author(s):  
Dustin Scheinost ◽  
Mehraveh Salehi ◽  
R. Todd Constable ◽  
Marisa Spann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Functional Organization
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