What causes the anti-Flynn effect? A data synthesis and analysis of predictors.

AbstractObjective:To search the English language literature for original research addressing the effect of cryotherapy on motor performance and recovery.Data Sources:We searched MEDLINE, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, SPORT Discus, Pubmed, and the Cochrane Reviews database, from 1976 to 2009 to identify randomized clinical trials of cryotherapy, systematic reviews, original articles and methods of cryotherapy. Key words used were cryotherapy, return to participation, cold treatment, ice, injury.Data Synthesis:Brief review including assessment of cryotherapy as a tool of performance and a recovery method.Conclusions:Most studies suggest that a short rewarming time would be beneficial (a couple minutes), which is very reasonable in sports. Also, cooling techniques differ in its result accordingly to the procedures and objectives used. Finally, the type of tissue cooled plays a large role (ie. Joint vs. Muscle).

Download Full-text

46 The Hidden Truth About Gender Bias in Surgery. A Systematic Review

British Journal of Surgery ◽

10.1093/bjs/znab134.112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

C Wong ◽

W H Lim ◽

S R Jain ◽

C H Ng ◽

C H Tai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Discrimination ◽

Work Conditions ◽

Working Environment ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Gender Barriers ◽

Retention Factors ◽

Full Text Review ◽

Female Surgeons ◽

Male Dominated

Abstract Introduction Gender discrimination remains pervasive in surgery, significantly impacting current and future surgeons and population health. This study analyses the gender barriers and critical retention factors for female surgeons and trainees in surgery. Method Five electronic databases were searched till May 2020. Titles and abstracts were sieved, followed by a full text review. Data synthesis and inductive thematic analysis were conducted using the Thomas and Harden methodology. Result 14 articles were included, involving 528 participants. Four themes were generated–unfavourable working environment, male-dominated culture, societal pressures and progress towards gender equality. Females in surgery often faced harassment, disrespect and perceptions of incompetence, resulting in hostile work conditions, which were aggravated by the inadequate support and mentorship. The persistence of male-dominated cultures was observed, with females facing prejudice and exclusion from professional and social circles. Differential treatment and higher expectations of female surgeons also arose from entrenched societal pressures. Despite these, increased acceptance of motherhood and greater recognition of contributions by female surgeons were reported, indicating some progress in gendered culture. Conclusions There is a need to increase female surgical leadership and allocate resources to address the deep-rooted causes of biased surgical culture and ingrained perceptions, to achieve greater gender equality in surgery.

Download Full-text

Templated Text Synthesis for Expert-Guided Multi-Label Extraction from Radiology Reports

Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction ◽

10.3390/make3020015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 299-317

Author(s):

Patrick Schrempf ◽

Hannah Watson ◽

Eunsoo Park ◽

Maciej Pajak ◽

Hamish MacKinnon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Domain Knowledge ◽

Expert Knowledge ◽

Medical Image Analysis ◽

Imaging Data ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Radiology Reports ◽

Training Examples ◽

Analysis Models ◽

Difficult Cases

Training medical image analysis models traditionally requires large amounts of expertly annotated imaging data which is time-consuming and expensive to obtain. One solution is to automatically extract scan-level labels from radiology reports. Previously, we showed that, by extending BERT with a per-label attention mechanism, we can train a single model to perform automatic extraction of many labels in parallel. However, if we rely on pure data-driven learning, the model sometimes fails to learn critical features or learns the correct answer via simplistic heuristics (e.g., that “likely” indicates positivity), and thus fails to generalise to rarer cases which have not been learned or where the heuristics break down (e.g., “likely represents prominent VR space or lacunar infarct” which indicates uncertainty over two differential diagnoses). In this work, we propose template creation for data synthesis, which enables us to inject expert knowledge about unseen entities from medical ontologies, and to teach the model rules on how to label difficult cases, by producing relevant training examples. Using this technique alongside domain-specific pre-training for our underlying BERT architecture i.e., PubMedBERT, we improve F1 micro from 0.903 to 0.939 and F1 macro from 0.512 to 0.737 on an independent test set for 33 labels in head CT reports for stroke patients. Our methodology offers a practical way to combine domain knowledge with machine learning for text classification tasks.

Download Full-text

The relationship between physical fitness attributes and sports injury in female, team ball sport players: a systematic review

Sports Medicine - Open ◽

10.1186/s40798-020-00264-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jessica B. Farley ◽

Lily M. Barrett ◽

Justin W. L. Keogh ◽

Carl T. Woods ◽

Nikki Milne

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Body Composition ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Sports Injury ◽

Quality Data ◽

Body Region ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Understanding the relationships between physical fitness characteristics and sports injury may assist with the development of injury minimisation programs. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the association between physical fitness attributes and sports injury in female, team ball sport players. Methods Four scientific databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus) and reference lists of relevant research were searched for eligible studies up to September 2, 2019. Full-text articles examining the relationship between physical fitness and sports injury in female, team ball sport players were included. A modified Downs and Black checklist was used to assess methodological quality. Data synthesis determined summary conclusions based on the number of significant relationships divided by the total relationships investigated and reported as a percentage. Level of certainty was identified for summary conclusions based on level of evidence. Sub-analyses regarding competition level, age, and single injury types were also conducted. Results A total of 44 studies were included. Data synthesis revealed no associations (low to moderate certainty) between body composition (1/9; 11%), flexibility (18–20%), and balance (2/8; 25%) and ‘any injury’ classification. No associations (mostly of moderate certainty) were found between flexibility (0–27%), muscular strength (0–27%), and body composition (14–33%) and various body region injury classifications, whereas mixed summary conclusions were shown for balance (0-48%). Many associations between physical fitness and sports injury were deemed ‘unknown’ or with an insufficient level of certainty. Sub-analyses revealed no association between strength and noncontact ACL injuries (0/5; 0%) or ankle sprains (0/12; 0%), and between flexibility and ankle sprains (1/5; 20%); however, insufficient certainty of these results exists. Clear associations were concluded between balance and lower body injuries in female, non-elite (10/16; 63%) and junior (9/12; 75%) team ball sport players, with moderate and insufficient certainty of these results, respectively. Conclusion Limited evidence is available to demonstrate relationships between physical fitness and sports injury in female, team ball sport players. High-quality evidence investigating the multifactorial nature of sports injury, including the interactions physical fitness qualities have with other injury determinants, is needed to better understand the role of physical fitness in minimising sports injuries in female, team ball sport players. Trial Registration CRD42017077374 (PROSPERO on September 14, 2017).

Download Full-text

Prevalence of potential respiratory symptoms in survivors of hospital admission after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis

Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽

10.1177/14799731211002240 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 147997312110022

Author(s):

Kevin Cares-Marambio ◽

Yessenia Montenegro-Jiménez ◽

Rodrigo Torres-Castro ◽

Roberto Vera-Uribe ◽

Yolanda Torralba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Chest Pain ◽

Hospital Admission ◽

Respiratory Symptoms ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Pooled Analysis ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Recent Onset ◽

Persistent Symptoms

Knowledge on the sequelae of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains limited due to the relatively recent onset of this pathology. However, the literature on other types of coronavirus infections prior to COVID-19 reports that patients may experience persistent symptoms after discharge. To determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in survivors of hospital admission after COVID-19 infection. A living systematic review of five databases was performed in order to identify studies which reported the persistence of respiratory symptoms in COVID-19 patients after discharge. Two independent researchers reviewed and analysed the available literature, and then extracted and assessed the quality of those articles. Of the 1,154 reports returned by the initial search nine articles were found, in which 1,816 patients were included in the data synthesis. In the pooled analysis, we found a prevalence of 0.52 (CI 0.38–0.66, p < 0.01, I 2 = 97%), 0.37 (CI 0.28–0.48, p < 0.01, I 2 = 93%), 0.16 (CI 0.10–0.23, p < 0.01, I 2 = 90%) and 0.14 (CI 0.06–0.24, p < 0.01, I 2 = 96%) for fatigue, dyspnoea, chest pain, and cough, respectively. Fatigue, dyspnoea, chest pain, and cough were the most prevalent respiratory symptoms found in 52%, 37%, 16% and 14% of patients between 3 weeks and 3 months, after discharge in survivors of hospital admission by COVID-19, respectively.

Download Full-text

Procedure-specific acute pain trajectory after elective total hip arthroplasty: systematic review and data synthesis

British Journal of Anaesthesia ◽

10.1016/j.bja.2021.02.036 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 127 (1) ◽

pp. 110-132

Author(s):

Paul Panzenbeck ◽

Arvind von Keudell ◽

Girish P. Joshi ◽

Claire X. Xu ◽

Kamen Vlassakov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Total Hip Arthroplasty ◽

Hip Arthroplasty ◽

Acute Pain ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Total Hip

Download Full-text

Auditory and Vestibular Functioning in Individuals with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1726041 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Prawin Kumar ◽

Niraj Kumar Singh ◽

Kumari Apeksha ◽

Vipin Ghosh ◽

Raveendran Rajesh Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Auditory System ◽

Microvascular Complications ◽

Data Synthesis ◽

Vestibular Tests ◽

Peripheral Auditory System

Abstract Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease associated with a rise in the level of blood glucose. Individuals with diabetes mellitus are more likely to develop hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness due to macro- and microvascular complications. The extent to which auditory and vestibular functions are impaired in individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus is still under debate. Objective To systematically review studies focusing on auditory and vestibular functions in individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Data Synthesis A search was conducted in the PubMed, MedlinePlus, Ingenta Connect and Google Scholar databases for articles published until June 2019. A total of 15,980 articles were primarily retrieved, 33 of which were shortlisted based on the inclusion criteria set by the investigators for the systematic review. Out of 33 full-length articles, 26 evaluated the functioning of the auditory system, while 7 evaluated the functioning of the vestibular system. Most studies related to auditory functioning reported a significant effect of type-2 diabetes mellitus on the peripheral auditory system, whereas studies on vestibular functioning reported no significant effect of diabetes mellitus on the functioning of the peripheral vestibular end-organ. Conclusion Overall, the results of various audiological and peripheral vestibular tests reveal distinctive peripheral and/or central auditory and vestibular end-organ impairments in individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Download Full-text