Executive Functioning and Processing Speed in Elementary Students

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Paret ◽  
Lindsay Mcguirk ◽  
Jeffrey A. Miller ◽  
Jessica Blasik ◽  
Molly Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Elementary Students ◽  
Processing Speed

scholarly journals Specificity of executive functioning and processing speed problems in common psychopathology.

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel T. Nigg ◽  
Jennifer M. Jester ◽  
Gillian M. Stavro ◽  
Ka I. Ip ◽  
Leon I. Puttler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Processing Speed

scholarly journals Dimensions of Executive Functioning in Schizophrenia and Their Relationship With Processing Speed

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gauri N. Savla ◽  
Elizabeth W. Twamley ◽  
Dean C. Delis ◽  
Scott C. Roesch ◽  
Dilip V. Jeste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Processing Speed

scholarly journals Neurocognitive Development in Perinatally Human Immunodeficiency Virus–infected Adolescents on Long-term Treatment, Compared to Healthy Matched Controls: A Longitudinal Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malon Van den Hof ◽  
Anne Marleen ter Haar ◽  
Henriette J Scherpbier ◽  
Johanna H van der Lee ◽  
Peter Reiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Group Time ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background A cross-sectional analysis of the Neurological, cOgnitive and VIsual performance in hiv-infected Children cohort showed significant cognitive impairment in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated, perinatally human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adolescents (PHIV+) compared to age-, sex-, ethnicity- and socioeconomic status (SES)-matched HIV-negative controls (HIV−). In this longitudinal study, we compared cognitive development in the same adolescents over time. Methods We repeated the standardized cognitive test battery after a mean of 4.6 years (standard deviation 0.3). In participants who completed both assessments, we compared cognitive trajectories between groups in the domains of intelligence quotient (IQ), processing speed, working memory, executive functioning, learning ability, and visual-motor function, using linear mixed models. We explored associations with disease- and treatment-related factors and used multivariate normative comparison (MNC) to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment. Results There were 21 PHIV+ and 23 HIV− participants that completed 2 assessments and were similar concerning age, sex, ethnicity, and SES. Compared to HIV− participants, in PHIV+ participants the IQ score increased significantly more over time (group*time 6.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5–10.50; P = .012), whereas executive functioning decreased significantly more (group*time −1.43 z score, 95% CI −2.12 to −0.75; P < .001), resulting in the disappearance and appearance of significant differences. Processing speed, working memory, learning ability, and visual-motor function trajectories were not statistically different between groups. Univariately, those who had started cART at an older age deviated more in executive functioning (−0.13 z score, 95% CI −0.24 to −0.02; P = .043). The prevalence of cognitive impairments by MNC was similar in both groups, at both time points. Conclusions The cART-treated PHIV+ adolescents appeared to have similar global cognitive development, compared to their healthy peers. Executive functioning trajectory appears to deviate, potentially explained by earlier brain damage.

scholarly journals COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AMONG BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS AND NON-CANCER PARTICIPANTS: EVIDENCE FOR SIMILARITIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S649-S650
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Pasquini ◽  
Brent J Small ◽  
Jacqueline Mogle ◽  
Martin Sliwinski ◽  
Stacey B Scott
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Cancer History ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Cancer

Abstract Breast cancer survivors may experience accelerated decline in cognitive functioning compared to same-aged peers with no cancer history (Small et al., 2015). Survivors may show important differences in mean-level performance or variability in cognitive functioning compared to those without a history of cancer (Yao et al., 2016). This study compared ambulatory cognitive functioning in a sample of breast cancer survivors and an age-matched community sample without a history of cancer (n_cancer=47, n_non-cancer=105, age range: 40-64 years, M=52.13 years). Participants completed three cognitive tasks measuring working memory, executive functioning, and processing speed up to five times per day for 14 days. Results indicated no mean-level differences in cognitive performance on the three tasks between cancer survivors and those without cancer history (p’s&gt;.05). Unexpectedly, women without cancer history showed more variability than survivors on working memory but not on the other two tasks. Across both groups, those without a college education performed worse on executive functioning (B=-0.05, SE=0.03, p&lt;.05) and working memory (B=0.94, SE=0.36, p&lt;.05) compared to those that completed college. Additionally, older age was associated with slower processing speed (B=31.67, SE=7.44, p&lt;.001). In sum, this study did not find mean-level group differences in cognitive functioning between cancer survivors and age-matched women without a history of cancer. Contrary to hypotheses, those without a history of cancer were more variable on working memory. Results suggested similarities in cognitive functioning in the two samples and that education and age are important predictors of cognitive functioning independent of cancer history.

scholarly journals The Reliability and Validity of the Action Fluency Test in Healthy College Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1175-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P Ross ◽  
Sydne O’Connor ◽  
Graham Holmes ◽  
Brittany Fuller ◽  
Megan Henrich
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Perceptual Reasoning ◽  
Fluency Test

Abstract Objective This study examined the test–retest reliability and construct validity of the Action Fluency Test (AFT) as a measure of executive functioning. Method Using a correlational design, 128 healthy college students (M Age = 19.24, SD = 2.01; M education = 13.29 years, SD = 0.81) completed the AFT, and measures of verbal and figural fluency, executive functioning and other relevant constructs (e.g., vocabulary, working memory, and attention). Results Coefficients of stability were acceptable for AFT correct words (r = .76; p &lt; .01), but not for errors (r = .41) or perseverations (r = .14). No practice effects were observed upon repeat testing (M interval = 39.21 days). Divergent validity evidence was mixed. AFT scores were unrelated to working memory and perceptual-reasoning abilities; however, correlations with vocabulary (r = .32; p &lt; .01) and information-processing speed (r = .30; p &lt; .01) were greater than associations between AFT scores and executive measures. Regarding convergent validity, AFT scores correlated with other fluency tasks (r = .4 range), but correlations with measures of executive functioning were absent or small. Action and letter fluency correlated with measures of attentional control and inhibition; however, these associations were no longer significant after controlling for shared variance with information-processing speed. Conclusions Findings are consistent with previous research suggesting vocabulary and information-processing speed underlie effective fluency performance to a greater extent than executive functioning. The AFT measures unique variance not accounted for by semantic and letter fluency tasks, and therefore may be used for a variety of research and clinical purposes.

scholarly journals Processing speed impairment in schizophrenia is mediated by white matter integrity

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Karbasforoushan ◽  
B. Duffy ◽  
J. U. Blackford ◽  
N. D. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Mediation Effects

BackgroundProcessing speed predicts functional outcome and is a potential endophenotype for schizophrenia. Establishing the neural basis of processing speed impairment may inform the treatment and etiology of schizophrenia. Neuroimaging investigations in healthy subjects have linked processing speed to brain anatomical connectivity. However, the relationship between processing speed impairment and white matter (WM) integrity in schizophrenia is unclear.MethodIndividuals with schizophrenia and healthy subjects underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and completed a brief neuropsychological assessment that included measures of processing speed, verbal learning, working memory and executive functioning. Group differences in WM integrity, inferred from fractional anisotropy (FA), were examined throughout the brain and the hypothesis that processing speed impairment in schizophrenia is mediated by diminished WM integrity was tested.ResultsWM integrity of the corpus callosum, cingulum, superior and inferior frontal gyri, and precuneus was reduced in schizophrenia. Average FA in these regions mediated group differences in processing speed but not in other cognitive domains. Diminished WM integrity in schizophrenia was accounted for, in large part, by individual differences in processing speed.ConclusionsCognitive impairment in schizophrenia was mediated by reduced WM integrity. This relationship was strongest for processing speed because deficits in working memory, verbal learning and executive functioning were not mediated by WM integrity. Larger sample sizes may be required to detect more subtle mediation effects in these domains. Interventions that preserve WM integrity or ameliorate WM disruption may enhance processing speed and functional outcome in schizophrenia.

The pattern and course of cognitive impairment in late-life depression

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Köhler ◽  
A. J. Thomas ◽  
N. A. Barnett ◽  
J. T. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Remission Status ◽  
Current Mood

BackgroundCognitive deficits persist despite clinical recovery in subjects with late-life depression, but more needs to be known about their longer-term outcome and factors affecting their course. To investigate this, we followed the pattern of cognitive impairments over time and examined the effects of current mood, remission status, age of depression onset and antidepressant (AD) treatment on these deficits.MethodSixty-seven subjects aged ⩾60 years with DSM-IV major depressive disorder and 36 healthy comparison subjects underwent tests of global cognition, memory, executive functioning and processing speed at baseline, 6 and 18 months, with some subjects tested again after 4 years. z scores were compared between groups, with analyses of clinical factors that may have influenced cognitive performance in depressed subjects.ResultsHalf of the patients exhibited a generalized cognitive impairment (GCI) that persisted after 18 months. Patients performed worse across all cognitive domains at all time points, without substantial variability due to current mood, remission status or AD treatment. Late age of onset was associated significantly with decline in memory and executive functioning. Impaired processing speed may be a partial mediator of some deficits, but was insufficient to explain differences between patients and controls. Four-year follow-up data suggest impairments persist, but do not further decline.ConclusionsCognitive deficits in late-life depression persist up to 4 years, affect multiple domains and are related to trait rather than state effects. Differences in severity and course between early and late onset depression suggest different pathogenic processes.

scholarly journals SUN-353 Physical and Cognitive Functioning Before and Six Months After Initiating Enzyme Replacement Therapy for an Adult with Hypophosphatasia: A Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Dahir ◽  
Christina Durrough ◽  
Margaret Hudson ◽  
Michael de Riesthal ◽  
Jiun-Ruey Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Enzyme Replacement Therapy ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Minimal Detectable Change ◽  
Enzyme Replacement ◽  
Surgical Fusion ◽  
Cognitive Processing Speed ◽  
Post Therapy

Abstract We present changes on physical therapy (PT), occupational therapy (OT), and speech-language pathology (SLP) assessments for a patient pre- and 6 months post-initiation of recombinant alkaline phosphatase therapy for hypophosphatasia (HPP). Our patient is a 30-year-old male diagnosed with pediatric onset HPP at the age of 28. Features of his HPP include skull deformities and scoliosis noted as a toddler, early loss of primary dentition with the root intact prior to the age of 4, severe bone and muscle pain described as “severe growing pain”, and fatigue as a teenager. He was noted to have arthritis in his feet requiring surgical fusion, which was complicated by nonunion. By the age of 30, he required the use of assistive devices for ambulation due to fatigue and pain. Biochemistry was notable for ALP 17U/L (40-150), serum PLP 241 mcg/L (5-50), urine phosphethanolamine 47 nmolmgCr (0-27), and genetic testing demonstrated a variant of undetermined significance of ALPL genet (Het. C.1364G&gt;A p.Gly455Asp). PT and OT assessments included a thorough musculoskeletal and neurologic examination, as well as functional testing of mobility, balance, motor control, and activity of daily living tasks. After 6 months of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), the patient’s scores on measures of body structure and function were grossly unchanged or diminished (muscle strength). However, activity-based measures of functional performance generally improved on ERT. Performance on the Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSTS), gait speed, Functional Gait Assessment, Sensory Organization Test, and Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) improved. His most significant improvements were on the FTSTS and 6MWT; his FTSTS improved from 15.4 seconds to 9.1 seconds, surpassing the cut-off for falls risk (12s), while his 6MWT improved from 1,228 feet to 1,541 feet, surpassing the minimal detectable change for individuals with osteoarthritis (201 ft). Cognitive testing revealed improvement in delayed memory (e.g., word-list recognition, story-retell) on the Repeatable Battery of the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status from baseline (7%tile) to 6 months post therapy (47%tile). He also demonstrated improvement in Trail Making Part A [TM A, cognitive processing speed] & TM B (executive functioning) from baseline (45s, 49s) to 6 months post therapy (21s, 38s). Mean performance on TM A&B for adults 25-34 yrs is 24.4s±8.71 and 50.7s±12.4, respectively. Overall, the patient demonstrated improvement in delayed memory, cognitive processing speed and executive functioning on ERT. Additionally, while his performance on bedside impairment-based testing generally declined or remained unchanged, his performance on standardized functional assessments improved on ERT. These functional improvements in physical and cognitive domains likely enable the patient to more fully participate in life roles to improve quality of life.

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